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生死场

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生死场

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《生死场》创作于1934年,萧红成名作,中国现代文学经典。小说描写了“九·一八”事变前后,哈尔滨近郊的一个偏僻村庄发生的恩恩怨怨以及村民抗日的故事,字里行间描摹着中国人于生的坚强与死的挣扎,被誉为是一个时代民族精神的经典文本。
Author Description

萧红(1911年6月2日-1942年1月22日),著名女作家,原名张迺莹,1911年端午节出生于黑龙江省呼兰县一个地主家庭,幼年丧母。1927年在哈尔滨就读东省特别区区立第一女子中学,接触五四运动以来的进步思想和中外文学。1935年,在鲁迅的支持下,发表了成名作《生死场》。1936年,为摆脱精神上的苦恼东渡日本,并写下了散文《孤独的生活》,长篇组诗《砂粒》等。1940年与端木蕻良同抵香港,之后发表了中篇小说《马伯乐》和著名长篇小说《呼兰河传》。萧红被誉为“30年代文学洛神”。
Catalogue

《生死场》校订记 章海宁
序言 鲁迅
一、麦场
二、菜圃
三、老马走进屠场
四、荒山
五、羊群
六、刑罚的日子
七、罪恶的五月节
八、蚊虫繁忙着
九、传染病
十、十年
十一、年盘转动了
十二、黑色的舌头
十三、你要死灭吗?
十四、到都市里去
十五、失败的黄色药包
十六、尼姑
十七、不健全的腿
读后记 胡风

Book Abstract

《生死场》校订记
章海宁
《生死场》是萧红的成名作,也是20世纪中国现代文学的经典之一。阅读萧红,如果绕开《生死场》,是不能算读懂萧红的。
上世纪70年代,早在葛浩文先生的英文本《萧红传》出版之前,夏志清先生便评价萧红的《生死场》,“将中国古老农村刻划之深刻,实在胜过鲁迅的《呐喊》、《彷徨》。”夏先生将萧红的《生死场》和《呼兰河传》并提,认为它们都是“了不起的作品”。[1]这样的评价,虽然不是出现在夏先生的《中国现代小说史》中,但也足以让中国读者感到惊讶。
萧红创作完成《生死场》时只有23岁,当初她给这部小说命名为《麦场》。《麦场》共17章,其前两章发表在哈尔滨《国际协报》的副刊上(简称“初刊本”)。[2]1934 年6月,因《跋涉》被伪满当局查禁引发的恐慌,萧红、萧军出走青岛。在青岛,萧红编辑《新女性周刊》之余,大部分时间用于续写《麦场》,同年9月9日,《麦场》完稿。萧红曾把《麦场》的片段朗诵给同在《青岛晨报》工作的梅林听,梅林感觉萧红的笔触“清丽纤细大胆,好像一首牧歌”,但小说的结构“缺少有机的联系”。[3]与鲁迅通信后,二萧将《麦场》的复写稿连同他们的第一部文集《跋涉》一起寄给了鲁迅。鲁迅对《麦场》的出版倾注了全力,先是将稿子投给生活书店,当局的书报检查委员审查了半年没有通过。鲁迅又将书稿转到《文学》杂志,希望它能在《文学》上连载,但《文学》不愿意冒险,因为《麦场》写到了东北民众的抗日,在当时,抗日的言论是被当局明令禁止的。鲁迅还不甘心,再将它转到黎明书店,期待它有一线的生机,结局同样令人失望。此路不通,只能另辟蹊径。一次饭局上,叶紫、萧红、萧军想成立一个“奴隶社”,自行印刷自己的作品。鲁迅对这个想法很赞同,分别给叶紫和萧军的书写了序。待萧红的《麦场》出版时,鲁迅改让胡风作序,但萧红反对,鲁迅只好另写一篇序言,胡风写好的序言改作《读后记》。根据胡风的建议,《麦场》改名为《生死场》,1935年12月24日,“奴隶社”以“容光书局”的名义,在上海自费出版(简称“初版”)。《生死场》的出版,在当时的上海引起了不小的轰动,一年内6版,至萧红离世前,已出11版。即使在抗战胜利以后,《生死场》也一直畅销,大连文化界民主建设协进会、生活书店、鲁迅文化出版社、东北书店等多家出版单位重印此书。甚至它还被改编成连环画[4]。应该说,《生死场》是一次极为成功的出版策划,文豪鲁迅的序言、著名左翼文学评论家胡风的评论、文学新锐萧红的“越轨”的文字使这本新书卖点十足。鲁迅多次向萧红索书转赠友人,在当年的江浙和北平,还出现了盗版的《生死场》,该书的影响可见一斑。萧红凭借《生死场》跻身上海滩名作家行列,这是她人生的重要转折。如果没有《生死场》,萧红能否被上海文学界接纳尚未可知。
像《生死场》这样一部经典,因为语言的变迁,阅读者与创作者身份、文化、认知等方面的差异,阅读的感受会千差万别。即使在专业的文学批评家那里,也同样如此。
鲁迅在评价《生死场》说,“这自然不过是略图,叙事和写景,胜于人物的描写,然而北方人民的对于生的坚强,对于死的挣扎,却往往已经力透纸背;女性作者的细致的观察和越轨的笔致,又增加不少明丽和新鲜。”[5]鲁迅认为萧红对北方土地上挣扎着的人群的描写是“力透纸背”的,他称萧红的文字有“细致的观察”和“越轨的笔致”。胡风对“力透纸背”作了进一步的阐释,胡风认为,这部小说最重要的地方揭示生殖与死亡的意义。“糊糊涂涂的生殖,乱七八糟的死亡”,“勤勤苦苦地蠕动在自然和两只脚的暴君底威力下面”,[6]所以他将小说命名为《生死场》。对走投无路的抗日民众的描写,胡风也很欣赏,既“看到了女性的纤细”,也看到了“非女性的豪迈”。在这些方面,鲁迅与胡风的看法是大致相同的。鲁迅和胡风在《生死场》的人物描写方面都对萧红对提出了批评,鲁迅委婉地说《生死场》“叙事和写景,胜于人物的描写”;胡风说,“在人物底描写里面,综合的想象和加工非常不够。”[7]胡风还批评萧红“对于题材的组织力不够,全篇现得是一些散漫的素描,感不到向着中心的发展,不能使读者得到应该得到的紧张的迫力”。[8]对《生死场》的“语法句法”,胡风认为它“太特别了”,并且认为产生这种印象的重要的原因是“对于修辞的锤炼不够”。[9]鲁迅和胡风的评价,长期以来形成了一种对《生死场》的阅读定势。客观地说,鲁迅和胡风对《生死场》的阅读是有局限的。《生死场》在它问世的近半个世纪里,一直被作为“抗日文学”来阅读。萧红与东北作家群其他作家一样,都来自沦陷的“满洲”,由于当时政府对抗日言论的钳制,国人对失去东北的愤懑之情无处发泄,而《万宝山》、《八月的乡村》、《生死场》等作品恰好满足了这种阅读期待。鲁迅为《生死场》所作的《序言》强化了读者对该书“抗日功能”的解读。而蕴于“抗日”文字之外的诸多意义被有意无意地忽略和屏蔽。其实,该书的三分之二的内容与抗日无关,而是写东北乡村极度的物质与精神的匮乏,人的生活退化为动物式的生存,而这挣扎的人群描写的重点是乡村的女性,如麻面婆、王婆、月英、金枝等,她们的命运,很多时候与自己是否勤劳、美丽没有多大关系,除了自然和经济的因素外,更重要的是她们身边的男性。她们感受的苦难,与其说是来自“自然的暴君”,还不如说是与她们一起生活的男性。萧红在《生死场》中对男权世界的激烈的批评男性批评家是视而不见的,只有在20世纪90年代,萧红的性别批评立场才得到极大的关注,《生死场》才从“抗日小说”跳出,以另一种面目被读者重新阅读。
鲁迅、胡风包括后来很多的批评家,对《生死场》的结构是持批评的意见。文学批评家摩罗称《生死场》是一个“断裂的文本”[10]。这与此前萧红研究者葛浩文的观点相接近。萧红为什么要用三分之二的篇幅描写残酷的“生、老、病、死轮回”的乡村女性,难道仅仅是准备“日寇出场的序幕” [11]?答案显然是否定的。葛浩文在他的《萧红传》出版30多年后,修正了他的看法,“我本来对书中风格和主题的豁然改变表示不满,以为全书统一性给破坏了。后来我推翻我自己的看法,觉得这种看法忽略了小说后半部的主旨,即描写当时的女性之如何间接的经历战争。”[12]葛浩文从“文本断裂”跳出来,将萧红小说前后的主旨连贯了起来,这是一个了不起的发现。
……

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