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Jingdong book

蒋介石传

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蒋介石传

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Editer Recommend

如果没有他,现代中国历史将会怎样展开?

如果西安事变中他被杀,中国的命运又会走向何方?

从发迹到掌控中国,权倾朝野,又在关键时刻失去政权,逃之夭夭……

蒋介石,与中国命运息息相关的人。

Content Description

《蒋介石传》从蒋介石出生到其去世的生平事迹及期间所涉及的中国命运的大事进行了较为翔实的记述,尤其对20世纪的中国社会进行了较详细的解读,客观分析了现实社会对蒋的成长及个性的影响以及他的发迹并掌控中国、对中国社会所造成的影响。揭示了其最终丧失中国政权的必然性。该书对人们了解蒋介石其人及20世纪的中国社会有帮助。

Author Description

乔纳森·芬比(JONATHAN FENBY),伦敦《观察家》以及香港《南中国早邮报》的前编辑,曾就职于《经济学家》《卫报》《独立报》及路透社。他此前的著作有备受称赞的《在边缘:法国的困扰》和《与龙共舞:新香港的一年》。

Catalogue

鸣谢
人物表
序言 西安十三天
第一部分 盐商之子
第二部分 血流成河
第三部分 南京十年
第四部分 玉碎
第五部分 一去不回
尾声 南京又一年
参考书目

Book Abstract

蒋介石和陈洁如住在黄埔主楼一楼的一套由一间客厅、餐厅和配有柚木家具的卧室组成的公寓里。晚上他练书法,他的“亲爱精诚”的黄埔校训手迹就裱糊在丝绢上,挂在他办公室的墙上。他的阅读书目包括欧洲战争、心理学与地理学。他的住所旁是一间有一张长长的桌子和24把高靠背椅的大会议室。民国国旗与国民党党旗就挂在一侧墙壁上。另一面墙上是一幅巨大的点缀着绿色、红色与蓝色旗帜的中国地图,这些旗帜标志着计划中的北伐路线。蒋的妻子为他做了许多文秘工作,其中一项就是登记标有“机密”字样的信件,然后把它们装在公寓里一个上锁的文件柜里。

考虑到广州的险恶环境,给蒋提供守卫应该是合理的,但是他的怀疑已近乎妄想。“那些我曾经认为是可以信赖的人结果今天却是更加的不可信。”他写道,“总而言之,一个人只能相信自己。”洁妮说“在他任何事情都争先的强烈愿望中,也有自负的倾向”,而且他只培养那类很可能会对实现他的目的有帮助的友谊。

“某日晨醒,自省过去之愆尤,为人鄙薄者乃在戏语太多,为人嫉妒者乃在骄气未除。而其病根,皆起于轻躁二字。”他的日记记载道,“此后唯以拘谨自持,谦和接物。”他承受着反复出现的健康问题的折磨,而且还有一次在违背他个人意愿的情况下被带到医院进行手术以阻止他的鼻子不断出血。有时候,眼疾问题也使他无法正常工作和阅读。“我是如此的烦恼,以至于有几次我想到要结束我自己的生命。”他写道,“但是后来我用这样的话来安慰我自己,‘我即将承担党的使命是上天的意志。我的视力怎么有可能被毁掉呢?我所需要的一切就是休养直到完全恢复健康。’”

他注意到了他的“过分注意细节的自我控制”,这往往使那些最后成为其咆哮与愤怒的对象大惑不解。他的刻板与严格是坚定不移的,他写到“宁人笑我迂腐,而不愿人目我狂且也”。当他的妻子问到如果他的计划被证明不可行而他会做什么时,他回答道:“如果事情不合适,我愿意作一些轻微的修改。但我强调要有一个固定的、基本的计划。一旦决定就不许随意变化。可能会有一些需要变化的细微之处,而这些在以后是可以被调整的。”

蒋对其子的态度也同样严厉。20世纪70年代由经国出版的信件都是严厉的校长式的,比如对这个孩子书法失败的没完没了的训斥。这位将军最能显示其感情的地方是建议其子如果要补牙或安假牙,应确保牙医的器具消过毒。

经国完成在北京的学习后去了广州,在北京他对左翼的思想变得非常熟悉。这个15岁的孩子已经获得了由莫斯科提供的一笔奖学金,并且希望他的父亲准许。根据洁妮的讲述,经国是如此的胆怯以至于请求她把这个想法告诉蒋。“他去如此遥远的地方有什么用?”她的丈夫回答道,“我负担不起他的花费。”他的妻子说只是在她最后的恳求之后他才表示了同意。

在莫斯科这个男孩有了一个尼古拉·弗拉基米罗维奇·伊利扎罗夫的俄文名字,并就读于东方劳动者大学。他学习俄语,编辑《红墙》板报,并且研究农民与劳工组织。当他的手提箱被偷时,经国写信给他的父亲要钱买新衣服。洁妮说蒋对此断然拒绝,理由是年轻人应该学会对他们的物品更有责任心。洁妮把自己的私房钱寄给了他,而且装作这些钱就是来自他的父亲。当经国离开广州时,她的感觉就像“失去了自己的一部分”。为了弥补由于治疗蒋介石传染给她的性病而造成的丧失生育能力的精神缺憾,她收养了一个女婴。

蒋表明自己对纪律一丝不苟,对黄埔军校学生的要求也是如此。他会叫来学员询问他们为什么鞋带或者纽扣松了。“当回答不够令人满意时,他会大声叫来一位下士,严厉斥责他,并且命令处罚违令者甚至将其投入禁闭室。”洁妮回忆道,她记得有一次一位学员要面对3000名听众作一次爱国主义的朗诵。他已经尽力背诵了讲演稿,但却忘掉了中间的一行。这个学员从裤子口袋中拿出一张弄皱了的纸,展开了它并且开始朗读。“停!”蒋大声叫道,“你应该知道不该把折起来的纸放在容易弄皱的裤子口袋里!它应该放在你的衬衫口袋里!记住这点,你这个傻瓜!”

黄埔军校开学三天后,广州的法国社区为来访的印度支那总督马绍尔·梅林举行了晚宴。宴会在沙面的外国租界举行,这是一个与河边码头相对的占地44英亩的沙洲。这块高墙里面的飞地有着宽阔的街道和低矮的砖与大理石的建筑,四周围绕着草坪、花坛和攀援灌木。一个美国访客描述道,其悠闲的街道会使人想到新英格兰的乡村。英国人占据了该岛的五分之四,法国人占据着其余的地方。这里只有一家饭店,维多利亚饭店,而欢迎梅林总督的晚宴就在这里举行。

当汤被端上来给50位客人时,一个身穿白色汗衫与短裤的人通过一扇开着的窗户把一个皮包扔进了餐厅,里面的炸弹立刻发生了爆炸,三位就餐者当场被炸死,另外两人死于医院。爆炸将刀子、叉子和瓷器的碎片射入了人们的身体。攻击者跳入了河中。两天后当局宣布找到了一具“安南人”的尸体,此人还留下了一份谴责法国殖民主义的遗嘱。

沙面当局命令所有的中国人,但并没有其他非西方人士,夜晚进入该岛要出示贴有照片的通行证——这几乎是最不合乎逻辑的反应,因为投掷炸弹者是越(安)南人。广州政府提出了抗议。在这块飞地里工作的中国工人停止了工作,为外国人维持秩序的守卫人员也随之罢工,纠察队将租界与城市隔离了开来。外籍妇女和儿童们纷纷去往香港,食品则由汽艇从英国的殖民地运进来。在缺少家庭厨师与仆人的情况下,维多利亚饭店的生意十分红火。

广州工人的激进行为得到俄国人与国民党左派的支持,因而对抗升级。尽管有关沙面的妥协已于19日达成,但这一事件却使这座城市作为“红色革命”的心脏而名声大噪。为了保护他们自己,中国的商人们组建了一支穿咔叽制服的号称商团的民兵队伍,他们在指导下进行训练并且在重要的地点修筑堡垒。有关他们的人数的记载介于6000—12000人之间。他们还在其他城镇与乡村培植分支:1924年5月,来自广东的100个商团组织会聚广州。为与之抗衡,国民党组建了劳工志愿团,其成员每天可以得到三角五分钱,还有一套制服、一把匕首和一支来复枪。

尽管许多商人都是保守的,但这种反对并不仅仅是守卫其势力范围的反革命事件。那些杰出的现代人物已经失去了对政府的幻想,他们称国民党的领袖为孙大炮——意思是说空话的孙。商团的首领、一位富商、香港与上海银行的前买办(“买办”是指作为外国公司代理商的中国人的名词,他们常常会十分富有)陈廉伯坚持说商团是自卫性质的武装,是由于贸易的混乱与投资的贬值才变得必要了。

1924年8月中旬,一艘装运商团订购军火的挪威货船“哈佛号”逆珠江而上,载货清单上列有4850支步枪、数量相同的手枪以及350万发子弹。根据孙的命令这些枪支被扣留并送往蒋在黄埔的要塞,商人们举行了一系列罢市活动以示抗议。孙以新的北伐建议为由离开了城市,但蒋却拒绝随行,说他将誓死保卫广州。

政府与商人们达成了一项妥协,同意将武器的一半交还商人,作为回报得到一笔罚款和一项有关房屋的税收。10月10日,当商团成员去河边取回他们的武器时,一支由孙的忠实拥护者、黄埔军校学生和左翼人士组成的满洲帝国垮台周年纪念日的游行队伍出现在了路上。商团拒绝让他们通过,枪战随即爆发。有六人当即被打死,而最后的死亡总数可能会三倍于此。商团派出了武装巡逻队,关闭了商业区四周的大门,并且在屋顶和经常设立典当行的塔楼上安排人员守护。P48-51

……

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Jingdong book