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Jingdong book

外国人眼中的中国人:溥仪

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该书初版于1934年的伦敦,引起轰动,一时洛阳纸贵。溥仪被质押苏联期间,苏联人就是以这本书为线索对他进行问讯的。溥仪编撰《我的前半生》一书,绝大部分史料亦参照庄士敦这本回忆录。《紫禁城的黄昏》行文老辣,颇有文采。该书也是毛泽东喜欢的书籍之一,据毛泽东的英文教师章含之回忆,当年他们练习英文文法时,所列的参考书中即有庄士敦这本书。
外国人眼中的中国人系列,有
《外国人眼中的中国人:诸葛亮》
《外国人眼中的中国人:拔都汗》
《外国人眼中的中国人:成吉思汗》
《外国人眼中的中国人:成吉思汗后世子孙》
《外国人眼中的中国人:曾国藩》
《外国人眼中的中国人:康熙大帝》
《外国人眼中的中国人:慈禧》
《外国人眼中的中国人:袁世凯》
《外国人眼中的中国人:孙中山》
《外国人眼中的中国人:费起鹤和孔祥熙》


Content Description

《外国人眼中的中国人:溥仪》讲述了作者庄士敦担任清朝末代皇帝溥仪的教师期间,所经历的一系列重大历史事件。1919年,庄士敦开启了自己的帝师生涯,成为了溥仪的老师。这一年溥仪14岁,庄士敦45岁。庄士敦带着先进的西方思想与现代科学步入紫禁城,为这个古老皇宫带来了新气象。庄士敦的到来让自幼封闭宫中的溥仪大开眼界。在这位洋夫子的引导下,溥仪戴上了眼睛,剪掉了辫子,在宫里装上电话,骑起自行车。庄士敦则对这位特殊的学生竭诚尽忠,倾其所知相授。
在本书中,庄士敦以洋帝师的独特视角,披露了末代皇帝在紫禁城中的生活细节,以及大量鲜为人知的宫廷文化、习俗和秘事,也从他的立场回顾和反思了清王朝灭亡的全过程和历史逻辑,讲述在国民革命的影响下,溥仪最终丧失特权,离开紫禁城的惶恐生活,将溥仪经历的人生落差描述得惟妙惟肖,能让读者看到鲜活的历史场景。

Author Description

庄士敦(1874年10月13日—1938年3月6日),英国人。他是“辛亥革命”之后,惟一进入小朝廷的帝后生活之中,并在紫禁城中生活过的外国人,也是几千年中国封建社会历史中,第一个也是最后一个拥有“帝师”头衔的外国人。
庄士敦毕业于爱丁堡大学和牛津大学,1898年赴中国,在华生活工作三十多年,醉心于中国文化的研究,后成为著名汉学家。1919年,庄士敦应邀至紫禁城担任清朝末代皇帝溥仪的英语、数学、地理等学科的老师,备受溥仪的敬重,师生情谊深厚。1930年返回英国,在伦敦大学东方学院任教,其间,庄士敦指导过我国现代著名作家、文学研究家钱钟书。庄士敦著述颇丰,代表作有《从北京到瓦城》《佛教中国》《佛教徒的中国》《威海卫狮龙共存》《儒教与近代中国》《中国戏剧》等。

Catalogue

序言

第一章 1898:戊戌变法

第二章 维新运动的失败

第三章 1898-1901:太后反击与义和团运动

第四章 1901-1908:光绪皇帝的最后岁月

第五章 慈禧太后

第六章 1911:辛亥革命

第七章 清室“优待条件”

第八章 大清皇帝和洪宪皇帝

第九章 1917:张勋复辟

第十章 《松寿老人自述》

第十一章 紫禁城:1919-1924

第十二章 帝师

第十三章 黄昏中的清廷

第十四章 内务府

第十五章 少年皇帝

第十六章 君主制的希望和梦想

第十七章 龙的躁动

第十八章 龙振双翅

第十九章 龙凤呈祥

第二十章 阴谋与计策

第二十一章 御花园

第二十二章 颐和园

第二十三章 十一月五日事件

第二十四章 龙的困顿

第二十五章 皇帝出逃

第二十六章 龙归故里


Book Abstract

第一章 1898:戊戌变法
十九世纪,清朝的统治已经摇摇欲坠,当时他们面临着内外交困的窘境,这一切似乎都是一个“崩溃”来临的前兆,无论是国内的战乱还是外交的泥潭,看上去都使得这个大厦即将倒塌。前文提到的贝思福勋爵就写了一本书描述当时他的见闻,书名为《中国的崩溃》,这个书名是非常切合当时中国的实际情况的。
四年前,一个弹丸小国把中国击败了,并开始对这个庞大但是孱弱的国家进行肆无忌惮的欺凌,而在过去,在历史上,这个国家从来不具备这种能力,因此,不得不说这是一件悲哀的事情,但是更加悲哀的是,这并不是中国遭受的唯一欺凌。台湾被日本强占,旅顺和大连也差点落入虎口,不过三年之后,这两个地方还是没有逃脱厄运,俄国人堂而皇之地占领了这些地方。我们应当注意,中国民众从未参与过任何阻止俄国人占领满洲地域的行为,若不是在一九零四年到一九零五年间,俄国在战争中失败,那我们有理由相信,满洲到今天恐怕就会成为俄国的一个省。不过即便这块地方逃离了这样的命运,听上去仍然很让人无奈,因为自始至终这片中国的土地中国人没有任何发言权。
其实台湾和满洲,跟在一八九八年中国丢失的其他领土相比,只不过是一小部分,当时的中国已经削弱到极点。西方列强纷纷开始在中国强占土地、划定租界。德国人占领了青岛和胶州地区,英国租借了威海卫三百平方英里,香港则直接成为了英国的殖民地,法国占据了广东省南部的沿海地区,甚至连意大利也想来分一杯羹,结果遭到了拒绝。最终,当时的意大利内阁,因没能抢到这块馅饼而遭受诘难,以至于倒台。
就在外国人瓜分中国领土到不亦乐乎的时候,中国人开始觉醒,他们开始不只是皱一皱眉头、骂两句脏话。他们意识到了这些人是在瓜分他们的祖国,并且也意识到了祖国所面临的危机。当时的中国就是世界上的人口大国了,而且领土之广要超过那些正在瓜分他们的国家二十倍,然而得到的尊重却不及一般国家的十分之一。
中华民族向来是一个骄傲的民族,当他们意识到自己落后的时候,就绝对不会甘于落后。当时,很多人都觉得西方人和日本人比他们更优越,然而我要告诉你,如果你了解中国人的话,你就绝对不会这么想了。中国人自一开始就拒绝接受这样的认识,不仅是因为他们的骄傲。很多有智慧的中国人开始思考问题,他们把中国的现状与他们的理想进行比较,然后发现了其中的巨大差距,于是他们开始探索差距的产生原因,随之而来的就是改革,这是必然的一步。而有了改革,改革派内部的划分也是必然的,一派人认为改革应该循序渐进,不更改大国体而改革技术,另外一部分人则认为必须从根本上变革才能挽救整个国家。
康有为一直被人们当成温和的一派,因为他对皇帝忠心耿耿,然而到了一八九八年大家才发现,这人竟是一个危险的激进派,他给皇帝的奏折直接导致了“百日维新”的开始,这一运动使得皇室和那些所谓贵胄们感到了恐惧,他们对康有为和他的学说又怕又恨,简直就像如今的人们对法西斯主义的看法。虽然他的主张并没有能够成功,但是在后来,他却因为自己的主张而被人们认为是死硬派。
康有为做官是被特别推荐的。做官之前,他在家乡享有很好的声誉,被人们誉为社会改革和政治改革的领导者,又与章太炎齐名,同为文学派领袖。一八九八年,康有为已经有了很多学生,这些学生们都热情洋溢,同时康有为还不停地鼓动他们。他的教学取得了很大的成功,最终他的名声传遍了中国,陈宝箴、翁同龢、许景澄都注意到了他。
翁同龢是当时著名的大学者,江苏常熟人,后来因为非凡的学问、诗作和书法而成为了帝师,并且还先后担任同治和光绪两位皇帝的老师,可谓位极人臣。
翁同龢作为一个大学问家,并不固步自封,而是思想非常开明,当他注意到康有为之后,便与许景澄等人一起于一八九八年向皇帝举荐了康有为,并且和皇帝讨论了康有为的政治观点。他能做到这一切的前提是,他是帝师。虽然当时的光绪皇帝已经三十多岁,并不再需要老师,但是这个帝师的头衔却是终身的,并且赋予他一个旁人所没有的条件——可以私下觐见皇帝,并且向皇帝阐述自己的想法不受礼节的拘束。
翁同龢就利用这一点,向皇帝大力推荐了康有为和他的政治主张,这也体现出他坦荡的胸襟。此外,这还从侧面说明了当时的皇帝并不像一些文人所描述的那样,是毫无思想和主见的傀儡。翁同龢比慈禧太后更了解皇帝的能力和想法,因此我们有理由相信,他是不会和一个昏君去讨论康有为的改革思想的。
就这样,在一八九八年的春天,康有为和皇帝会面了。这个年轻的皇帝对康有为的印象非常深刻,同时康有为对皇帝也产生了深沉的敬意。多年之后,有一次我和康有为提到当年会面的事情,他一提到皇帝,便表现出十分尊敬的神态。如果光绪皇帝是一个昏君的话,那么康有为早就加入革命派了。革命派的人们都认为清朝已经阻挡了中国前进的脚步,因此才想推翻清朝。当康有为和皇帝见面之后,他发现皇帝不但非常赞成他的政治主张,而且还迫切的想要实践。
有人把康有为也称作帝师,事实上他并没有担任过这个职位,甚至和皇帝见面的次数也不多,但就是那么几次会面,康有为就得到了皇帝的赏识,皇帝给了他直接递交奏折的特权。对此,康有为十分感激。一八九八年的夏天,康有为上了一封奏折,使光绪皇帝颁布了一系列改革的法令,这就是历史上著名的“百日维新”。这些改革的法令使得当时中国的自由主义者们既惊且喜,同时也引发了保守派的极力反弹。
后来,人们一提到康有为的改革,总说他的法令和政策很草率,不符合当时中国的实际情况,也不符合中国的传统文化,这些批判是有一定道理的。但是,我们也要认识到,即使是当时施加强制力量,使中国步入民主模式,也是一件太过突然的事情。康有为中年时期,回忆自己年轻时候提出的改革主张时,也承认自己当时有些政策确实欠考虑。当然,我们必须承认,他的大部分主张都是十分具有合理性和闪光点的。
虽然康有为和光绪皇帝倾注极大热情的改革失败了,但这并不说明他们的想法荒唐可笑。改革的失败与他们的智力和性格无关,而与另一些因素有关,这一点,我们后面还会说。
……

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