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Jingdong book

汉译经典:就业、利息和货币通论

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汉译经典:就业、利息和货币通论

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(1)著名经济学家凯恩斯的代表作,现代宏观经济学理论开山作品作为20世纪著名的经济学家,凯恩斯的理论深刻影响了整个世界,《通论》一出版就引起了西方经济学界的轰动,有人把他的理论誉为一场像“哥白尼在天文学上,达尔文在生物学上,爱因斯坦在物理学上一样的革命”。该书的出版在经济学上来说是开创性的,也是随后宏观经济学得以发展的主要思想源泉。实现了西方经济学演进中的“第三次革命”,在西方经济学史上具有划时代的意义。(2)深刻影响世界历史进程的书《汉译经典:就业、利息和货币通论》着重总量分析,是现代宏观经济学的开山之作。在经济危机理论之上,本书用“有效需求”原理代替了新古典学派的“萨伊定律”;在就业理论上,本书则论证了“非自愿失业”的存在性;在利息理论上,本书用流动性偏好理论代替了传统的利息论,进而提出了完整的货币经济理论。在政策方面,本反对自由放任政策,为国家调控宏观经济提供了理论基础。(3)专业经济学家译本,著名经济学家厉以宁导读推荐《汉译经典:就业、利息和货币通论》译者徐毓枬是头一位真正从剑桥拿到经济学博士学位的中国人,也是亲自聆听过凯恩斯讲课的中国人。他回国后,就执鞭于西南联大,后入清华。徐先生的学生很多,其中有当今著名经济学家刘国光、厉以宁和胡代光等。

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《汉译经典:就业、利息和货币通论》是凯恩斯生前具影响力的代表作,1936年出版,在大危机后惊魂未定的西方世界引起轰动。《通论》是以消除失业和克服萧条的新理论,奠定了现代西方宏观经济学的理论基础。在这一著作中,凯恩斯摒弃了他以前的西方经济学关于自动恢复资本主义经济均衡机制的学说,提出了国家调节经济的主张,认为没有国家的积极干预,资本主义就会灭亡。反映了20世纪30年代经济大危机时期充分暴露出来的某些实际情况,如失业严重、资本产品大量过剩等,并提出了缓解这些矛盾的对策,为当时束手无策的资本主义世界指出了一条摆脱困境的出路。

Author Description

约翰·悔纳德·凯恩斯,英国经济学家,20世纪伟大的经济学家之一,其一生对经济学作出了极大的贡献,一度被誉为资本主义的“救星”和“战后繁荣之父”。他的主要著作有《和约的经济后果》、《就业、利息和货币通论》、《货币论》、《货币改革论》等。1936年出版的《就业、利息和货币通论》,引起了一场经济学的革命,史称“凯恩斯革命”。

徐毓枬(1913---1958),著名经济学家,1935年毕业于清华大学经济系,之后留学英国剑桥大学,1940年获经济学博士学位,回国后执教于西南联大和清华大学,1952年院系调整后任北京大学经济系教授。他是一个真正从剑桥拿到经济学博士学位的中国人,也是亲自聆听过凯恩斯讲课的中国人,还是凯恩斯《就业、利息和货币通论》的早翻译者,早在1948年就完成了译稿。徐先生的学生很多,其中有当今著名经济学家刘国光、厉以宁和胡代光等。

Catalogue

原序
第一编引论
第一章正名
第二章经典学派之前提
第三章有效需求原则
第二编定义与观念-
第四章单位之选择
第五章预期与就业
第六章所得、储蓄及投资之定义
附录:论使用者成本
第七章再论储蓄与投资之意义
第三编消费倾向
第八章消费倾向: (一)客观因素
第九章消费倾向: (二)主观因素
第十章边际消费倾向与乘数
第四编投资引诱
第十一章资本之边际效率
第十二章长期预期状态
第十三章利率通论
第十四章经典学派之利率论
附录:马歇尔《经济学原理》、李嘉图《经济学原理》
以及其他书中之利率论
第十五章灵活偏好之动机
第十六章关于资本性质之几点观察
第十七章利息与货币之特性
第十八章就业通论提要
第五编货币工资与物价
第十九章货币工资之改变
附录:论皮古教授之《失业论》
第二十章就业函数
第二十一章物价论
第六编通论引起的几篇短论
第二十二章略论商业循环
第二十三章略论重商主义、禁止高利贷法、加印货币,以及诸消费不足说
第二十四章结语:略论“通论”可以引起的社会哲学
Book Abstract

大多数关于价值和生产理论的著述均主要关注两个问题,一是既定量的已用资源在不同用途之间如何配置,二是在使用这一既定量资源的前提下,各种资源的相对报酬及其产品的相对价值如何决定。同样,对于可用资源数量的问题,例如可就业人口的规模,自然财富的丰瘠以及累积的资本设备的多寡,一向采用描述的方法予以说明。但是,关于何种力量决定可用资源实际使用数量的纯理论在很多细节上并未得到检验。当然,要说这种理论全然未得到检验未免荒谬,因为讨论资源使用量的波动的论述为数甚多,而每种论述都涉及前述纯理论。我并不是说这个主题被忽视了,而是要指出这一主题所依托的基本理论一向被认为如此简单和明显,以致最多只需稍作提及。

我认为,尽管实际上并未加以讨论,但被视作简单和明了的古典就业理论奠基于两个基本假定之上,即:
Ⅰ工资等于劳动的边际产品
这就是说,一位就业人员的工资等于就业量减少一单位所损失的产值(在扣除由于产出下降而减少的其他成本之后);然而,如果竞争和市场表现出不完全性,依据有关原理,二者相等所必须服从的限制条件便不再得到满足。
Ⅱ对于给定的就业人数,工资的效用等于该就业量的边际负效用。
这就是说,每一位就业者的实际工资(根据就业人员自己的估计)正好足以吸引实际被雇佣的劳动力继续维持原有就业量,类似于竞争的不完全性会破坏第一个假定所遵循的限制条件,第二个假定所要求的单个劳动者地位对等的限制条件会由于劳动者结成工会而不再被满足。负效用的理解应该涵盖各种原因,它们可能导致一个人或一群人宁愿失业也不愿意接受对他们来说其效用低于某一最低限度的工资。
进而言之,有效需求只是企业家们希望从他们决定提供的现行就业量中的包括他们将支付给其他生产要素的收入在内的总收入。总需求函数把设想的各种就业量和各种就业量下的产量所期望能得到的收益联系起来。而有效需求则为总需求函数上的一点;在该点,需求是有效的,因为,把总供给的情况考虑在内,该点相当于能使企业家预期利润最大化的就业量。
这一系列的定义还具有一个优点,即:我们可以和某些经济学家一样,把现在所定义的边际收益(或者收入)与边际要素成本等同起来,从而得到一些相同的命题;不过,这些经济学家由于忽视了使用者成本,或者把它假设为零,却把供给价格和边际要素成本等同起来。
然而,要把以上结论应用于现实,还必须记住以下一些限制条件:
(1)至少在一段时间内,物价的上涨会使得企业家们迷惑于增加就业量,乃至超过能使他们获得用产品计量的最大利润的水平。因为,他们如此习惯于认为,用货币计量的上升的销售额当做扩大生产的信号,以致当这种政策事实上已经对他们不再有利了,而他们还仍然继续这样做。也即他们可能在新的价格环境中,低估了他们的边际使用者成本。
(2)由于企业家们必须把他们利润的一部分用货币规定下来作为租金付给租金领取者,因而价格的上升,即使没有伴随任何产量的变化,将会使收入的再分配有利于企业家而不利于租金收取者,这种收入的再分配有可能反作用于消费倾向。然而,这个过程并不是只有当充分就业已达到时才开始的—随着支出的增加,这个过程将会在所有时间内稳定地进行。如果租金领取者比企业家较少倾向于花费,那么,和相反的假设(企业家较少倾向于花费)相比,实际收入从租金领取者那里逐渐抽出将意味着,只要有货币量的少量增加和利息率的微小下调,就可以达到充分就业。当充分就业已经达到之后,如果第一种假设事态(租金收取者较少倾向于花费)继续存在,则物价的进一步上升将意味着利息率多少要上升以阻止物价无限制地上涨,意味着货币数量的增加将小于支出增加的比例。而如果是第二种假设事态(企业家较少倾向于花费)继续存在时,则情况会相反。如果租金领取者的实际收入减少,其减少达到某一点,作为其相对贫困的结果,可能出现这样的情况,即从上述第一种假设事态转变为第二种假设事态。这个转折点可能出现在充分就业达到以前或者以后。
……
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