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Jingdong book

农业转移人口市民化的制度困局及破解

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农业转移人口市民化的制度困局及破解

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改革开放30多年来,我国的城镇化是伴随国家和地区产业结构不断升级、农村劳动力向城市地区不断转移、城市基础设施和社会服务设施日益完善、不断延伸而持续发展的。现今我国已进入了城镇化快速发展阶段,城镇数量和人口均达到了前所未有的规模,城镇作为经济社会的载体在国家和地方经济社会发展中的中心作用得到了进一步的强化,已具雏形的城镇体系犹如现代化大厦的框架,正引领国家现代化事业的不断前进。
Author Description

王知桂,女,1963年11月生,湖北荆州人,经济学博士、教授,福建师范大学协和学院副院长,西方经济学专业和人口资源环境经济学硕士生导师。长期从事宏微观经济学、当代西方经济学流派、人力资源开发与管理等课程的教学科研工作,主要研究领域为:市场经济理论与实践研究,人力资源开发与管理研究,人力资源配置与流动研究,区域经济研究。主持或参与教育部、省社科规划办、省科技厅、省教育厅等纵向和横向课题10余项。
Catalogue

第一章新型城镇化的核心:农业转移人口市民化
第一节从城乡分割到新型城镇化
一、城乡分割:乡村经济发展严重滞后于城市
.二、城镇化:缩小城乡经济发展差距
三、新农村建设:城市(工业)反哺农村(农业)
四、新型城镇化:统筹城乡协调发展
第二节新中国成立以来我国人口流动的简要回顾
一、社会主义过渡时期的人口流动(1949~1956年)
二、社会主义计划经济时期的人口流动(1957一1977年)
三、社会主义市场经济探索时期的人口流动(1978~1991年)
四、社会主义市场经济建设时期的人口流动(1992年至今)
五、新中国成立以来人口流动的主要特点
第三节国内外学者研究评述
一、国内外关于城镇化与经济发展的研究
二、国内外关于城镇化与人口转移关系的研究
三、国内外研究评述
第四节本书的主要思路
一、研究的方法
二、技术路线
三、研究创新与展望
第二章农业转移人口市民化的理论基础与现实特征
第一节相关概念的界定
一、城镇化与新型城镇化
二、城乡人口及其分类
三、城镇化指标
第二节农业转移人口市民化的理论基础
一、制度变迁理论
二、城乡统筹发展理论
三、农业转移人口市民化的其他相关理论
第三节农业转移人口市民化的现实特征
一、农业转移人口市民化的基本表现
二、农业转移人口市民化进程的非同步性
三、农业转移人口市民化结果的不完全性
第三章农业转移人口市民化的影响因素
第一节影响农业转移人口市民化的经济因素
一、经济发展水平
二、户籍管理制度变迁
三、人力资源丰度
第二节影响农业转移人口市民化的政策性因素
一、我国人口管理政策的变迁
二、我国就业政策的变迁
三、政策实施成效
第三节影响农业转移人口市民化的社会文化因素
一、政府管理水平与效能
二、农业转移人口的融入意愿与能力
第四章制约农业人口“转得出”的制度困局与突破
第一节户籍制度与农业转移人口市民化
一、我国户籍制度的历史沿革
二、城乡二元户籍制度对农业人口转移的制约
三、户籍制度的改革与农业转移人口市民化
四、户籍制度变化对我国农村人口流动的影响
五、改革户籍制度,促进农业人口的合理有序流动
第二节土地流转制度与农业转移人口市民化
一、土地流转的含义及模式
……
第五章制约农业人口留得住的制度困局与突破
第六章农业专业人口市民化的国际经验与启示
Book Abstract

(一)城镇化道路的选择
中国幅员辽阔,地区差异悬殊,因此,城镇化应有不同的形式。加速城市化进程,应从地区的历史发展、经济水平、民族特点和具体情况出发,有的放矢、实事求是地推进城市化,制定不同的道路、策略和形式。
2006年“十一五”规划纲要指出“坚持大中小城市和小城镇协调发展,提高城镇综合承载能力,按照循序渐进、节约土地、集约发展、合理布局的原则,积极稳妥地推进城镇化,逐步改变城乡二元结构”,明确了我国城镇化的发展道路。大城市具有中小城市不可替代的作用,中小城市和小城镇也具有大城市所没有的特色,由于受各地资源、环境、经济、科技、文化等条件的限制,城镇化模式和城镇发展不可能,也不应当千篇一律。
(二)城镇化的影响
城镇化就是农村人口向城镇逐步转移的过程,就是城镇化基础设施和公共服务覆盖更多的农村地区和人口的过程。而我国的城市化最初以“户籍”为唯一标准和指标,继而以“居住地”为主要和硬性标准和指标,这种对“城镇化”的误解导致不少地方花巨资规划建设城市或城镇,不顾居民负担和政府财政,急于集资大造新城,甚至搞大拆大建,或乱拆乱建,强迫“农民进城”,追求表面的城市化指标。由此一来,城镇化变成了“造城化”,城镇化等同于造城运动,造成资源的极大浪费,而且有的地方强制征地,侵犯了农民利益。随着城市人口的增加,城市用地必然增加,但同时必须解决好失地农民的问题。可是,在我国的城镇化过程中,却有相当一部分地区和城市没有处理好人地关系,任意地通过行政手段剥夺农民的土地,强迫农民进城或改变身份,造成了比较突出的矛盾和问题。
城镇化既存在数量、速度和水平的问题,但同时更有质量的问题。许多城市和地区在城市化过程中只重视数量,不重视质量;只重视建设,不重视管理;盲目追求指标,不务求实质。例如,城镇规划面积很大,基础设施建设却十分薄弱;市场建设气势恢宏,却有场无市缺乏人气;城市化率节节上升,居民生活却缺乏保障;GDP增长很快,但环境越来越差。
城镇结构体系不完善。根据中国的地理、人口、环境和效益,中国的城市化目标是要建立科学合理的城市体系。然而,在实践中,时而以发展大城市为主,时而又以小城镇建设为重点,提出“小城镇、大战略”。建市道路狭窄,级别过多,体制单一,突出行政,忽视经济。国家第十个五年计划提出要加速城市化进程,可是就从这个时期开始,就冻结了小城市,特别是县级市的建立和发展,从而使城市数量从1996年起就停滞不前,无形之中使城市化的压力集中于已有的城市,特别是大城市,导致大城市的盲目扩大。
城市与农村不协调。城镇化的目的主要是为了农民,是为了促进城乡的协调发展。可是我们的城市抽走了农村的壮劳动力,抽走了农业生产骨干,同时带走了生产资金,因此使农村成为老弱病残的天下。一些农村种庄稼没有劳动力,搞生产缺乏资金,从而生产萎缩、田地荒芜、产业不振、经济凋敝,由此难免产生一系列社会问题。
三、新农村建设:城市(工业)反哺农村(农业)
工业反哺农业、城市带动乡村是工业化中、后期阶段经济发展的一般规律。党的十六届四中全会明确指出:“农业是安天下、稳民心的战略产业,必须始终抓紧抓好。纵观一些工业化国家发展的历程,在工业化初始阶段,农业支持工业、为工业提供积累是带有普遍性的趋向;但在工业化达到相当程度以后,工业反哺农业、城市支持农村,实现工业与农业、城市与农村协调发展,也是带有普遍性的趋向。”该精神十分鲜明地提出和确立了我国现阶段“工业反哺农业”的重要政策取向。
(一)新农村建设的背景
长期以来,农业为国家的工业化和城市建设做出了巨大的贡献。但这种倾斜政策延续时间过长,也使得“三农”问题在我国越来越凸显。此外,计划经济体制下形成的城乡二元社会结构造成了城乡分割,使城乡之间要素不能自由流动,大量农村劳动力被束缚在土地上,农民被排除在国家工业化进程之外,造成了今天工农业发展和城乡发展严重失衡的局面。在这种情况下,工业反哺农业已刻不容缓。为了协调城乡发展,必须转变向城市倾斜的宏观经济政策,实施城市适度反哺农村的政策。
……

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