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Jingdong book

孤独症儿童情绪调整与人际交往训练指南

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孤独症儿童情绪调整与人际交往训练指南

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解密儿童的心灵,找到有效的方法。只有方向正确,方法才有价值,讲求人性,启动快乐,走出孤独,就是我们的前进方向。
★我的孩子上一年级,在学校表现挺好,可回家做作业特别磨蹭。这是怎么回事?
他有一些要求没有被满足,希望家长能关注到孩子的这些需求。磨蹭只是孩子的一种表达方式,家长要看到孩子磨蹭背后隐含的想法。
★我的女儿4岁了,在外面特别胆小,不跟其他小朋友玩,回家后爱发脾气,为什么?
3岁多的女孩子已开始关注人与人的关系,特别是关注父亲的态度了。如果父亲没有时间陪着女儿玩,没有给予女儿“安全感”,孩子肯定会胆小,得不到家长的陪伴就会发脾气。
★我的孩子今年刚上小学,智力没毛病,可是上课日寸注意力总不集中。该听的不听,成绩不好,我该怎么办?
排除多动或感觉敏感的问题,孩子的这种表现可能与他没有发展好“关注”有关。他还不知道什么应该关注,什么应该忽略,这主要是刚上学时的焦虑情绪导致的。孩子如果屡遭失败,心理负担可能加重,对改善注意力反而不利。
★我的孩子平时挺乖的,可家里来客人或带他出去玩时,就没有平时乖了,总之很不给我面子。这是什么原因?
一方面,孩子嫌家长平时对他关注少,在来客人时希望大家都能关注他;另一方面,孩子可能对家长有不满,找个机会“报复一下”。
★我的孩子快3岁了,总爱拿别的小朋友的玩具和食物,要不要纠正他呢?
读了这《孤独症儿童情绪调整与人际交往训练指南》,您就会明白不用纠正孩子,原因一定能在书中找到。
★我的女儿结婚后,我感到她越来越不懂事了。为什么她从小挺听话,长大以后越来越不听话?父母在孩子小的时候管教太严厉了,孩子只体会到了严教,没体会到爱意。孩子长大以后经济独立,婚后有了丈夫的关爱,安全感越来越被满足,孩子就不愿听父母的话了。等孩子自己当了父母后,将心比心,知道“严教”也是一种爱,不听话的情况会改变。
Content Description

本书介绍的“自主交往训练法”是一套本土化的、行之有效的操作方法,在帮助孤独症儿童稳定情绪、关注和解读他人心理、适应现实生活和提高解决实际问题能力方面,成效显著,能够帮助孤独症儿童家长对孩子进行有针对性的康复训练,帮助孩子“体验亲情、享受人生、走出孤独”。
Catalogue

前言 帮助孤独症儿童启动快乐、走出孤独
上篇 心灵解密
一、问题出在哪儿
二、从成长中寻找原因
看清孩子的问题
看清孩子的需要
看清自己和孩子的关系
了解我们自己

三、寻找帮助孩子的出发点
第一阶段:从建立“物感”开始
第二阶段:关注人的行为
第三阶段:自我意识萌芽
第四阶段:安全需要发展的重要时期
第五阶段:确立与熟悉的人的稳定关系
第六阶段:开始真正的同伴交往
总结

下篇 引你上路
一、情绪调整
为什么要关注孩子的情绪变化
用游戏实施情绪调整的方法和步骤
教师、治疗师的自我调整
家长的情绪调整
特殊的情绪调整游戏
总结

二、相互关注
关注由何而来
帮助孩子关注什么
根据孩子的关注点设计游戏
在关注游戏中与人建立关系
关注训练阶段容易出现的问题
通过游戏发展关注关系
特殊的关注游戏
多角度关注关系的建立
总结

三、相互参照
什么是相互参照
培养参照的游戏
相互参照与学习生活密切相关
相互参照与一对一的认知教学有很大区别
利用参照引导学习
生活自理能力的培养
总结

四、意图理解
什么是意图理解
意图理解是交往的“润滑剂
意图理解的相关实验与理论分析
语言发展与意图理解的关系
意图理解的游戏
同伴之间的意图理解游戏
强化生活中的意图理解
总结

五、拓展想象
想象与情绪的关系
怎样利用游戏培养想象力
高级的想象游戏
总结

六、合作分享
合作与分享的功效与培养契机
合作与分享的活动
生活中无处不在的角色游戏
合作与分享活动的延伸
总结

附录
一、答疑解惑
情绪调整中的问题解答
相互关注中的问题解答
相互参照中的问题解答
意图理解中的问题解答
综合问题解答

二、家长和老师的心里话
Weareready?
瑞瑞真的变了
后记
英文简介和目录
参考书目和文目
Book Abstract

一、问题出在哪儿
在阅读这本书之前,请大家一起读读下面几个故事,想一想:如果这些事就发生在我们身边,我们应该怎么看待和分析这些问题?我们应该怎么办?
案例
几年前,全国的很多报纸上都刊登了一则这样的消息:一位女博士被一个初中没有毕业的男青年拐骗,卖到了偏僻的农村,险些上当嫁给当地农民。
请思考:为什么一个博士竟然轻易地被一个没有文化的人骗了……
案例
一个朋友家前不久发生了这样一件事。有一天家里突然停电了,恰巧家里大人都出去了,刚上初中的女儿焦急地给父母打电话,说自己害怕,而且作业写不完了!家长告诉她哪里有蜡烛,并急忙往家里赶。可是等父母一个小时后到家,家里还是一片漆黑,因为女儿不敢划火柴,也不想再求助……家长突然担心起了女儿的未来。还有一个上高中的男孩子独自在家时,看到蒸锅锅底烧煳了却不知所措,结果险些酿成大祸。这样的事已屡见不鲜。
请思考:孩子们在学校学习成绩都不错,到底是哪儿出了问题?普通孩子在学校学的哪些知识能适应社会要求?孩子还应学点什么?如果课堂知识学好了,是否孩子适应社会就没有问题了?如果孩子学不会复杂的知识,至少要学会什么?对于孤独症的孩子,他们到底应该抓紧学的是什么?是课堂上的知识吗?
Introduction

帮助孤独症儿童启动快乐、走出孤独
作为与孤独症(又叫自闭症)打了十多年交道的教育工作者,当得知联合国把每年的4月2日定为“世界孤独症日”时,我感到无比欣慰,我相信孤独症孩子和他们的家庭会得到越来越多的关爱。当我看到《中国残疾人事业十一五发展纲要》的附属文件中提到要在全国各个省、区、直辖市建立孤独症儿童康复训练中心,而且此工作已经开始落实时,我们摩拳擦掌,下定决心要为孤独症儿童多做一些实事。
经过和我的团队老师商量,我们觉得目前的严重问题是面向孤独症儿童和家长的培训质量参差不齐,家长很难掌握恰当的康复方法,经过几年训练以后的孤独症儿童预后不容乐观,而质量好的现场培训的受益面又有限。当今虽有一些关于孤独症训练的书籍,但多属于科普类或专业医学类,多以阐述理论为主,操作性差。对读者而言,理论联系实际的书最受欢迎。有鉴于此,结合我们多年的研究,编写一本有理论、有操作方法、有新意的书,应该是可以最有效地帮助孤独症儿童家长的。
同时,在从事了多年特殊教育工作之后,我也越发感到普通孩子在成长中也有不少心理问题,反思后发现很多问题是教育过程造成的,或是我们“不懂孩子,不会教育”造成的。所以,从孤独症研究中学到的“解读孩子”的本领,对我们审视和帮助普通孩子亦会起到很大的作用,因为人性是相通的。因此,我们这本书对那些受孩子成长困扰的普通孩子的家长们也是有帮助的。
在当今鱼龙混杂、训练方法五花八门的情况下,我们这支年轻的团队秉承“讲求人性,启动快乐,走出孤独”的理念,学习和研究世界上流行的两种介入疗法(“地板时间”和“人际关系干预法”),并在借鉴他人方法的同时,在实践中探索本土化的、行之有效的操作方法。由于我们的研究在实践中取得了很好的效果,大家一致认为应该把这套方法通俗地介绍给更多的人,让他们能正确地看待孤独症儿童,在此基础上进行有针对性的康复训练,帮助孩子“体验亲情,享受人生,走出孤独”。
这套方法简称为“自主交往训练法”,它是针对孤独症儿童的情绪和学习问题,依据心理理论和其他社会认知理论、学习理论,在借鉴了“地板时间(FloorTime)”、“人际关系干预法(RelationshipDevelopmentIntervention,简称RDI)”的基础上自创的一种训练方法。我们经过几年的实验,取得了可喜的效果,特别是在帮助孤独症儿童稳定情绪、关注和解读他人心理、适应现实生活和提高解决实际问题能力等方面,效果显著。我们也深知,要改变一个人不可能仅靠一种方法,比方法重要的是“理念”。因为我们有了人性化的理念,一个个孤独症孩子开始喜欢他们的老师,开始接纳父母了,他们在自己快乐的同时,也给老师和父母带来了极大的快乐。快乐是需要与大家分享的,因此,我们在中国残疾人福利基金会和“2007今夜嘉年华”组委会的支持下,在北京联合大学特殊教育学院领导和同事们的鼓励下推出了这本手册,以期让更多的孤独症儿童家庭收获快乐和幸福!
由于本书强调可读性、可操作性,因此在章节的安排上像是驾驶员培训用的“操作手册”——上篇“心灵解密”就像是讲交通法规,讲清楚基本理论、基本理念是“上路”的基础,我们要想掌握这套方法,认真解读这一篇是至关重要的;接着是下篇“引你上路”,就像是“练车直至上路行驶”环节,用大量的案例说明操作原理、步骤以及应注意的操作问题;最后附录部分的“答疑解惑”,就像是开车后的故障排除。有了这样的架构,相信我们培训的“驾驶员”应该可以“合格上路”了。
本书的写作分工是,上篇阐述重要的理念,主要由我负责撰稿。下篇阐述操作重点和具体做法,由一直参与训练的老师们分工完成写作:“情绪调整”由我和北京顺义特教学校的沈淑红老师合作撰写,案例部分主要由沈老师完成;“相互关注”由北京朝阳新源西里小学的王艳老师撰写;“相互参照”由北京星外宝贝康复训练中心的王国光老师撰写;“意图理解”由北京朝阳新源西里小学的朱振云老师撰写;“想象拓展”和“分享合作”由我撰写。每部分后面的总结由我完成。附录主要把我们在操作中遇到的问题和家长提到的问题进行专项答疑,以帮助读者更好地理解和操作,由我负责撰稿。全部完稿后由我负责全书统稿。
对于我们来说,完成这样一本书是一个尝试,因此恳请大家多提宝贵意见。

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