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Jingdong book

儿童心理百科

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儿童心理百科

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《儿童心理百科》聚焦儿童的心理问题,共分十一章,其中第一章为心理学的理论性知识,介绍儿童的心理成长阶段和养育孩子的基本原则。如果对专业知识不感兴趣,可以直接进入后面的内容。第二至十一章着重介绍了儿童成长过程中可能出现的各种心理问题及其应对方法。
Content Description

《儿童心理百科》从心理的角度认识、应对儿童成长过程中面临的各种挑战:饮食、语言、排泄、安全感、家庭、学习、性;探寻、实践养育孩子的根本原则——快乐原则、爱和尊重原则、孩子主导原则;领悟亲子关系、人际关系和人生成长的真谛……《儿童心理百科》中四十四位临床一线心理学者、咨询师,精神科医生,儿科医生联袂执笔,权威、专业、全面、实用,守护父母和孩子的共同成长。
Catalogue

第1章 关于心理成长
01 儿童的心理成长阶段
02 养育孩子的原则

第2章 关于饮食的问题
01 饮食与心理
02 偏食
03 少食、过食
04 异食
05 呕吐
06 摄食障碍

第3章 关于语言的问题
01 语言与心理
02 幼儿语
03构音障碍
04 口吃
05 缄默
06 语言发育迟缓

第4章 关于排泄的问题
01 排泄与心理
02 夜尿
03 遗尿
04 尿频
05 遗粪

第5章 关于安全感的问题
01 安全感与心理
02 夜哭
03 发脾气
04 吮指、咬指甲
05 自闭
06 强迫行为
07 夜惊、梦游
08 自伤行为
09 自杀
10 空想、白日梦
11 妄想
12 抑郁

第6章 关于家庭的问题
01 家庭与心理
02 家庭不和
03 同胞问争执
04 虐待
05 电视、电玩和作业
06 犯倔
07 玩耍
08 家庭暴力
09 拒绝出门

第7章 关于学校的问题
01 学校与心理
02 没有朋友
03 学习吃力
04 学习障碍
05 拒绝上学
06 引人注目
07 内向
08 欺负
09 难以参加集体活动
10 多动、冲动
11 注意力不集中
12 ADHD
13 扰乱课堂秩序
14 校园暴力

第8章 关于未成年犯罪的问题
01 未成年犯罪与心理
02 离家出走
03 盗窃、勒索
04 滥用有机溶剂、毒品
05 飙车族
06 暴力行为
07 说谎
08 逆反、反社会行为
09 不良性行为
10 动物虐待
11 性骚扰

第9章 关于身体的问题
01 身体与心理
02 过敏
03 肠易激综合征
04 胃炎、胃溃疡
05 过度呼吸综合征
06 抽动
07 不明原因发热
08 圆形脱发
09 拔毛

第10章 关于性的问题
01 性与心理
02 玩弄生殖器
03 未成年的性
04 自慰
05 性别认同障碍

第11章 关于心理创伤
……
Book Abstract

01 儿童的心理成长阶段保持身、心、灵的健康
要拥有充实的人生,身、心、灵的健康和成长必不可少。虽然身、心、灵的维持、充实和发展从本质上得靠自己,但难以胜任的人也不在少数。自古以来,也不乏为此提供帮助的人们。
在远古时代,是巫师负责抚慰人们的身、心、灵。后来,随着文明的进步,职业出现分工,身体的健康开始由医生负责,心理也由心理方面的专业人士,比如现在的心理医生负责,而灵魂则是由宗教人士负责。心理是介于身体和灵魂之间的领域,很长一段时期,是医生和宗教人士兼而任之。
随着心理学特别是临床心理学的发展,人们越来越认识到需要有专业人士来应对心理方面的各种问题。例如,对于面,临人生最大危机——死亡关头的临终患者,医生、心理医生以及宗教人士的帮助就必不可少。这一点已得到广泛认同。很难想象有谁愿意在医院的重症监护室里孤独地面对死亡。
很抱歉一开始就谈到死亡的话题,不过,死生亦大矣。同样,迎接新生命的诞生也需要身、心、灵的帮助。在日本,除了孕期一定会去看妇产科,许多人为了平安生产还会参拜神社或到寺庙祈福。为消除养育孩子的不安,还会借助前辈们或专家的智慧。
对医生、宗教人士,人们都熟稔有加,然而对心理的专业人士,人们的印象就极其淡薄了。在日本,心理专业人士的培养起步要比欧美晚50年。自己、孩子或家人遇到心理问题需要寻求帮助时,往往也不知道该如何是好。2l世纪,在医学进步的同时,临床心理学也应随之同步,我们每一个人也应该多学一点儿心理学。下面简单介绍一下儿童心理成长的各个阶段。
依赖期——信赖,0-1岁
有这样一种说法,即与其他哺乳动物相比,人类的婴儿早出生了一年。动物出生后几个小时就能站立、行走、奔跑,跟着爸爸妈妈四处奔波求食;而我们人类呢,要学会走路、说话,学会跟爸爸妈妈吃一样的东西,都得花一年以上的时间。出生后第一年的婴儿,不得不全面依赖以母亲为主的养育者。无论大事小事,都得依赖他人,否则就无法生存。所以,这一时期的人际模式奠定了一个人一生的人际交往方式和世界观的基础,对基本人格的形成具有极其重要的意义。专家们特意将人生这一最初的人际模式称为初期人际模式。一个人是否善于赢得他人的疼爱或亲近,是否信赖他人,看待事物是积极的或是消极的,这些基本人格特点都是在人生的这一时期形成的。
接受期——体验,1-2岁
在初期人际模式的基础上,幼儿开始主动接受周围的事物。在这个时期,幼儿还不会有意识地施与,只是单纯地接受和体验。在接受阶段的初期,要么全部接受,要么全部拒绝,还不懂得有选择性地接受一部分,或拒绝一部分。
在这个阶段,是否接受了好的事物,或是被迫接受了不好的事物,或是自己的愿望被拒绝无法得到满足等等,都会对以后的人生和对世界的感受方式产生很大影响。即便是遇到难以接受的事物,学会信赖的幼儿也会在养育者的帮助下予以接受,并拥有心力进行体验。这样的幼儿,也能够学会部分地接受或拒绝。
而没有心力进行这种体验的幼儿,结果只能是要么全部接受,要么全部拒绝。什么事不分出个青红皂白决不甘心、并强迫他人也这么走极端的人,问题的根源往往就出在这个时期。这个世界没有纯粹的善或纯粹的恶,只有可选择性地部分接受或拒绝的人,才能够为自己的人生营造出更广阔的空间,在现实生活中也才能如鱼得水。
……
Introduction

平时我们身体有哪儿不舒服时,一般都会先查阅家庭医学书籍。不仅可缓解不安,还可帮助下决心是否去医院就诊。相信不少读者都是这么做的。
可是,为孩子的教导或心理问题而烦恼时,又该怎么办呢?
一般来说,身体疾病显而易见,去医院看病是理所当然的事。可对于心理问题,很少有人能轻而易举地下决心,去寻求专业人士的帮助。对孩子的心理问题,父母首先能做些什么呢?尽管家庭医学方面的书籍不少,可关于儿童心理方面的、可供家庭使用的实用书籍,目前市面上并不多见。
在此,需要提醒大家注意的是身体疾病与心理问题(烦恼或矛盾纠葛)的联系与区别。
首先,与身体疾病不同,心理问题并没有明确的因果对应关系,往往由多种因素共同作用而成。比如,孩子腹泻,可能是午餐时吃了不新鲜的炒鸡蛋造成的。可对心理问题,就很难这样简单明了地作出判断了。
其次,身体疾病的传染一定有其媒介,而心理问题同样也可影响他人。比如,家里有人患阑尾炎,其他家庭成员鲜有同时发作,但一家人可能相继患上感冒。那是由病毒传染所致。身体疾病不是毫无缘由地,一个人患上,其他家人都会同样患上。
可一个人出现心理问题时,却很容易将身边的人卷入其中。就像群体性食物中毒事件一样,也许是大家都置身于那种心理氛围之中吧?一个人心里的矛盾纠葛很容易对在同一环境中生活的其他人产生影响,负面情绪会进一步扩散,甚至再反过来影响本人,从而陷入恶性循环。
但是,心理问题的感染源并非是某个特定的个人,而是造成恶性循环的那种心理氛围。所以,对孩子的心理问题,既不能单纯指责本人,同样,也不能简单粗暴地批评是父母没有把孩子养育好。
因此,应对心理问题,找寻“感染源”或追究责任并非良策,甚至会适得其反。否则,被怪罪被谴责的人心里的矛盾纠葛会加剧,因此而生的负面情绪反过来又会影响其他人,最终导致恶性循环。
最后,心理问题也可能以身体症状的形式表现出来。到医院去看病时,医生可能诊断,“是压力引起的”,“身体并没什么问题”。虽然如此,但身体确实有症状,也不知该如何是好。也许医生会说,注意缓解压力吧,假以时日,症状会自然消退。可本人还是不知该如何操作。相信本书一定可帮助消解这方面的烦恼。
本书聚焦儿童的心理问题,共分十一章,其中第一章为心理学的理论性知识,介绍儿童的心理成长阶段和养育孩子的基本原则。如果对专业知识不感兴趣,可以直接进入后面的内容。第二至十一章着重介绍了儿童成长过程中可能出现的各种心理问题及其应对方法。既可以从感兴趣的部分读起,也可以在实际出现相关问题时查阅。如果对孩子某些言行感到不安,不妨随时翻阅本书,相信您一定能找到应对方法。当然,需要进一步详细了解时,不妨查阅有关条目方面的书籍,也可向专业人士咨询。
儿童心理问题是家人,尤其是父母的一大难题。衷心希望本书能增进您对儿童心理问题的理解,消解您的不安,帮助您营造更美好的家庭心理氛围,实现您和孩子的共同成长!
东山絃久

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About the brand

Jingdong book