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积极心理学丛书：如何学会做一个乐观的人

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积极心理学丛书：如何学会做一个乐观的人

Name: 积极心理学丛书：如何学会做一个乐观的人
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3116009161
Price: 22.95 USD
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积极心理学产生20世纪90年代中期的美国，它一改心理学关注心理病理的传统，开始研究人的积极心理品质，积极心理学作为“一门关于人的潜能与美德的科学”，研究领域涉及三个层面：在主观水平上，研究积极的主观体验，例如幸福和安宁、满足和满意、希望和乐观，以及流畅和快乐；在个体成长水平上，积极的心理学主要研究积极的心理特征，如爱的能力，创造的勇气，积极的人际关系，审美体验，坚持、前瞻、天才，宽容和智慧灵性等等；在群体水平上，研究积极的公众品质，例如责任、利他、关爱、文明、自制力、容忍力，以及职业道德。积极心理学正深入到我们生活的方方面面，成长、交际、婚姻、家庭、工作、娱乐，以及教育，它旨在激发个体的优势与潜力，促进个体的发展与适应，实现个体的生活幸福和价值超越。在积极心理学的时代精神下，病理化、医学化的学校心理健康教育也势必实行积极的转向。

Catalogue

序积极心理学：当代人的精神救赎
前言
Ⅰ 乐观的本质
1.7 乐观一一决定人生升降的心理资本
1.1.1 乐观悲观决定人生的升降
1.1.2 乐观是重要的心理资本
1.1.3 乐观是可开发、可选择的
1.1.4 乐观影响社会经济的发展
1.2 乐观是什么
1.2.1 乐观是指从积极方面看问题
1.2.2 乐观是指对未来的积极期望
1.2.3 乐观是指对生活事件的积极解释
1.2.4 乐观倾向和解释风格（归因）乐观的关系
1.2.5 乐观不同于知足常乐
1.3 乐观的属性
1.3.工乐观属于一种人格特质、一种潜意识自动化的动机倾向
l.3.2 乐观属于一种信念和普遍化的自我效能感
1.3.3 乐观属于一种认知策略与偏见
1.3.4 乐观是主观幸福感的重要前因变量
1.3.5 乐观有大小之分
1.4 乐观的测量
1.4.1 乐观倾向问卷
1.4.2 归因风格问卷（ASQ）
1.4.3 言语解释的内容分析

Ⅱ 乐观的作用机制及其影响因素
2.1 乐观的作用机制
2.1.1 乐观是生物进化的适应机制
2.1.2 乐观的生理机制
2.1.3 乐观的心理机制
2.1.4 乐观积极错觉的适应价值
2.1.5 乐观的效用价值源于其积极行为方式
2.2 成败对乐观的影响
2.2.1 悲观比乐观更不稳定
2.2.2 成功后的内部归因能提升一个人的乐观水平
2.2.3 低自我价值感是影响乐观倾向稳定性的重要因素
2.2.4 “真”乐观与“真”悲观两亚类型归因方式上的两极性
2.2.5 “真”乐观者成功后自我价值判断上的偏误
2.2.6 不管成败，“真”悲观者对自己表现的满意度都最低
2.2.7 失败后，“真”悲观者易产生逃避退缩行为倾向
2.3 乐观形成的影响因素
2.3.1 先天遗传及身体素质
2.3.2 家庭教养方式
2.3.3 创伤及个体对挫败经验的解释
2.3.4 乐观的教育训练

Ⅲ 乐观塑造健康与恢复力
3.1 乐观与健康
3.1.1 悲观与抑郁
3.1.2 乐观与生理健康
3.1.3 乐观与长寿
3.2 乐观促进健康的机理
3.2.1 乐观避免抑郁的心理机制
3.2.2 乐观提升免疫力
3.2.3 乐观促进健康的认知行为机制
3.2.4 乐观营造社会支持系统
3.2.5 乐观促进生活适应
3.2.6 乐观使人关注积极方面

Ⅳ 乐观实现成功自我的预言
4.1 乐观与成就
4.1.1 乐观与工作绩效
4.1.2 乐观与学业成绩
4.1.3 乐观与创造力
4.1.4 乐观与婚姻成功
4.1.5 乐观与幸运
4.2 乐观者成功的内在机制
4.2.1 乐观者有一种“自我实现的天使般循环系统”
4.2.2 乐观积极情绪具有扩建功能
4.2.3 乐观带来良好的人脉和婚姻关系
4.2.4 乐观积累发展资源
4.2.5 乐观激发战斗力、提升行动力
4.2.6 乐观者采取以问题为中心的积极处理方式
4.2.7 乐观者更具有坚持性
4.2.8 乐观者幸运背后的心理奥秘

Ⅴ 乐观彰显领导魅力
5.1 乐观者更具领导影响力
5.1.1 乐观与领导影响力
5.1.2 乐观者更容易当选领导者
5.1.3 领导人要乐观思考，悲观计划，满怀信心去执行
5.2 丘吉尔的乐观感召力
5.2.1 危难中，丘吉尔的乐观自信彰显非凡感召力
5.2.2 面对挫折，丘吉尔善于在困境里看到机会
5.2.3 生活中，丘吉尔以乐观幽默化解压力

Ⅵ 认知建构乐观
6.7 悲观的认知改变
6.1.工人认知上的自我限制
6.1.2 悲观者常见认知上的限制
6.1.3 悲观者的认知改变技术
6.1.4 利用乐观问题引导认知突破
6.1.5 从关注结果转向关注过程
6.1.6 认知改变真的有效果吗
6.2 乐观应对生活、工作压力
6.2.1 乐观拥抱压力
6.2.2 发现工作中的乐趣，具有使命感
6.2.3 乐观对待竞争
6.2.4 确立恰当的期望
6.2.5 明确自己的需要与想要
6.2.6 接纳自我，欣赏他人
6.3 乐观面对失恋
6.3.1 爱情只是生命的一部分，不是全部
6.3.2 失败的恋爱总比一次失败的婚姻更幸运
6.3.3 你就是一颗葡萄，最好的归属应该是需要并能欣赏葡萄的人
6.3.4 每一次挫折，都是一种人生资源的积累
6.3.5 体验之后，要学会分解

Ⅶ 行动创造乐观
7.1 关注自身积极方面的行动
7.1.1 写出最好的自己
7.1.2 记录发生的好事
7.1.3 设定积极有意义的目标
7.1.4 运用自己的优势
7.2 关注他人及当下的行动
7.2.工表达宽恕与感恩
7.2.2 帮助他人
7.2.3 专注于做好眼前能产生自我积累的事
7.3 调整身心的行动
7.3.1 昂首阔步往前走
7.3.2 体育运动
7.3.3 松弛与冥想
7.3.4 腹式呼吸

附录基子优势目标的行动乐观倾向训练方案
训练程序一：认识乐观
训练程序二：识別自我优势
训练程序三：确立人生愿景
训练程序四：达成现实目标
训练程序五：强化付诸行动
参考文献
后记

Book Abstract

相比之下，“高乐观低悲观”者的情绪是最稳定的。无论是在正反馈任务下还是在负反馈任务下，他们的乐观、悲观的前后变化都不显著。所谓“不以物喜，不以己悲”，“宠辱不惊”。这可能与他们的自我概念有关。研究发现，“高乐观低悲观”这种类型的人自尊水平最高，对自己的看法最为积极。
而自尊低的人，即自我价值感低的被试在乐观、悲观上表现出某种不稳定性：低自我价值感的被试在失败后悲观程度会明显升高，在成功后其乐观程度也会明显升高。
斯戴芬根曾指出：“自尊是个性的核心。因而它也是所有行为的基础。”有研究证明，低自尊者在成功的时候对自己感觉很好，失败的时候对自己的感觉很差。但高自尊者全然不是这样，他们对自己的感觉并不取决于他们刚刚成功了还是失败了。可见提升一个人的自我价值感，是避免其失败后过度情绪低落、悲观的有效策略。
2．2．2成功后的内部归因能提升一个人的乐观水平
实验数据揭示，失败后个体的归因方式对乐观、悲观的变化影响都不太显著，而成功事件的高内部归因可以显著提高乐观水平。其他研究也揭示，内控性（归因方式）只与乐观正相关，与悲观无关，也就是说内外的归因方式只会影响乐观而不会影响悲观。
产生这种结果的可能原因是受人类基本需求动机的影响。人类有对自我感觉良好的基本需求即自我增强的动机。成功后的内部归因容易符合这种人类基本需求动机，使人从潜意识中容易相信是真的，因此，可以显著提升乐观水平。而失败后的内外归因，带有明显的“自我欺骗”性质，一个具有正常认知水平的人难以发自内心地相信，也就难以影响其乐观、悲观。
总之，该实验说明，人成功后的内部归因是提升一个人的乐观积极心态、塑造其乐观个性的有效途径。乐观的个性需要持续的积极成功的事件去塑造。生活中我们也会发现，一个悲观的人随着做事成功次数的增加，其乐观水平会得到明显的提高。
2．2．3低自我价值感是影响乐观倾向稳定性的重要因素
本研究数据显示，自我价值感高的被试无论是在成功任务下还是在失败任务下，乐观、悲观的前后变化都不显著，也就是说自我价值感高的被试乐观倾向较为稳定，不容易被情景因素影响而发生改变。
而自我价值感低的被试乐观、悲观表现出某种不稳定性：低自我价值感的被试在失败后悲观程度会明显升高，在成功后其乐观程度也会明显升高。自我价值感是自尊中一个重要的与情景关系非常密切的状态性变量。
斯蒂夫哈根曾指出：“自尊是个性的核心。因而它也是所有行为的基础。”有研究证明，低自尊者在成功的时候对自己感觉很好，失败的时候对自己的感觉很差。但高自尊者全然不是这样，他们对自己的感觉并不取决于他们刚刚成功了还是失败了。因此，自我价值感的变化必然会导致自我价值感低的被试在失败后悲观程度会明显升高，在成功后其乐观程度也会明显升高。而高自我价值感的被试受成败反馈影响较小。可见，成败对自我价值感低的被试影响较大。可以说提升一个人的自我价值感，是避免其失败后过度情绪低落、悲观的有效策略。
……

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