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万卷书法·心理学研究方法丛书:心理学研究方法导论

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对任何一个心理学学生,学会如何做研究、如何认识设计的优缺点、如何避免不被骗人的结果和错误的统计方法所蒙蔽,是非常重要的。学习研究方法带给你的是技能,而不只是知识,并且这些技能在心理学课程之外也会令你受益。科学的逻辑和推理,不是只有受过良好教育的人们才能使用的技能(否则就太悲哀了)。我们都拥有这种技能。在你很小的时候,为了理解和预测周围复杂多变的世界,你就一直在使用这种技能。……在教授研究方法甚至统计学的时候,我始终坚信,读者对本书讨论的许多观点都已形成了知觉概念。
Content Description

在这本书中,作者借助常识、逻辑和日常生活经验,向学生阐明理解和成功进行研究的技能和技术。这种写作风格对于之前没有研究方法和统计经验的本科生和研究生,以及对这类学习带有恐惧心理的人来说颇有裨益。
Author Description

休·库利坎(Hugh Coolican),英国考文垂大学(Coventry University)心理学主讲师,注册心理学家和国际学士学位评定的助理主考官。他是海德兰(Hodder Arnold)出版社出版的畅销书《心理学研究方法和统计》第四版的作者。卢家楣上海师范大学教授,国家级教学名师,原教育科学学院院长,现上海师范大学心理研究所所长,博士点学科带头人,博士后流动站站长,心理学重点实验室主任,中国心理学会常务理事,中国心理学会教育心理学分会副会长,中国心理学会教学工作委员会副主任,全国教育科学规划心理学学科评审组成员,全国教育专业学位教育指导委员会委员,全国中小学心理健康教育专家指导委员会委员,《心理科学》副主编,主要从事教育心理学、青少年心理学、普通心理学的教学和研究,并开拓了情感教学心理学领域,提出“以情优教”的教学思想、教学原则、教学模式、教学策略和教学评价,发表著作12部,论文150多篇,曾获全国和省部级科研和教学优秀成果奖20余项。
Catalogue

1 心理学与研究
1.1 成为一个质疑者
1.2 心理学与研究
1.3 为什么都必须是科学的
1.4 科学方法
1.5 科学方法的规则
1.6 心理学研究到底做什么
2 测量人类--变量和样本
2.1 变量--心理学里被测量的事物
2.2 人类--心理学研究的对象
2.3 抽样
3 实验方法
3.1 可替换性解释
3.2 实验包括控制条件
3.3 实验设计类型
3.4 实验室实验和现场实验
3.5 实验效度--内部效度和外部效度
3.6 实验和其他研究中可能存在的偏差
3.7 被试意识--不只是实验室实验才有
4 非实验研究方法
4.1 准实验
4.2 准实验的麻烦
4.3 非实验研究的常见类型
5 观察法
5.1 任何研究都是观察
5.2 作为技术的观察
5.3 作为研究设计的观察
5.4 观察研究的种类
5.5 参与观察中的伦理问题
5.6 一些和参与观察有关的问题
6 运用提问--问卷法、量表法、访谈法和调查法
6.1 心理量表和问卷
6.2 问卷危险
6.3 心理量表
6.4 量表的信度、效度和标准化
6.5 访谈法
6.6 调查法
7 定性资料与定性研究方法
7.1 定性与定量的方法和数据
7.2 处理定性数据--定性分析
7.3 建立定性方法
7.4 分析定性数据--提取定量数据
7.5 个案研究
8 数据处理--描述统计
8.1 统计的必要性
8.2 出发--测量水平
8.3 集中趋势测量
8.4 离中趋势测量
8.5 分组数据--分布
8.6 图形表述
8.7 统计注释与符号
9 显著性检验和概率
9.1 显著性检验中的虚无假设和备择假设
9.2 概率
9.3 概率要低到什么程度
9.4 常规的0.05显著性水平
9.5 临界值
9.6 以真正的心理学研究结果为例
9.7 对0.05显著性水平的解释
9.8 I型错误和Ⅱ型错误
9.9 其他水平的显著性
9.10 术语“显著性”的使用
9.11 单侧和双侧检验
10 显著性检验的选择
10.1 数据检验
10.2 什么是参数检验
11 差异检验
11.1 差异的参数检验
11.2 差异的非参数检验
……
12 相关——事物共同变化的趋势
13 心理学研究中的道德问题
14 实践研究的计划和研究报告的撰写
附录一:术语解释
附录二:数据表
参考文献
Book Abstract

当我们考虑到美国普通心理学大学生的时候,这种权力的一个额外的维度出现了。这些大学生往往有成为研究中被试的义务,尽管他们可以选择参与哪个研究。通常他们也可以不参与但是却要多参加一门期末考试,使这个选择流于表面。现在这个系统开始出现在一些英联邦的大学。非自愿的参与--一些特殊性质的观察研究
在参与观察研究和自然的(隐蔽的)观察中,被观察的人对于他们的参与经常是无意识的。这看起来难以反对,因为在这些研究中,进行的是不打扰的观察而且每个被观察的人也只是一个计算的频数:例如,当观察司机时,目的是想确定在路上“停车”标志前是有更多男性还是女性司机停下来。一般的规则是如果这个行为是任何人都可以观察到的,而且因为这些内容又是公开的,那么记录下来也是没有问题的。
在参与观察的研究中,人们的私人空间也许会受到侵犯。汉弗莱斯(Humphreys,1970)通过在一个公共浴室“注意”的行为的观察,调查了经过同意的同性恋者的行为。被观察的人完全没有意识到研究的进行,而且通过后来的采访,事实上记录他们的汽车注册号码是为了获得更多的背景信息。
一些领域的研究是在公共的活动场所进行的,并且涉及一些干扰人们生活的操作。一个街道的调查明显地耽误了每个回答者,但是这些都会首先获得对方的同意。罗丁和皮利艾威(Rodin and Piliavin,1969)的对于旁观者干预的研究,一个人要么是跛脚,要么是喝醉“崩溃”在地铁上。在一个版本中,表演者咬了一个胶囊然后制造出下巴上慢慢淌血的状况。可以预期的是,这个“跛脚的”人会比醉酒的人得到更多的帮助。这种“流血”状态也会降低帮助的效果。事实上,皮利艾威等人的研究违反了公开的(没有欺骗),避免压力和在参与前知情同意的原则。“被试”无法决定是否参与。
杜布和格罗斯(Doob and Gross,1968)在一交通灯处使用了或漂亮的新车或老旧低价的车来阻挡司机。结果是可以被预期的:被漂亮的车阻挡的司机将要花费更多的时间鸣笛。如果这些结果令人感觉非常正常,难道不能要求自愿的被试简单地想象一下这个情景并考虑下他们可能的反应吗?在这种情况下,能否运用模拟情景呢?杜布和格罗斯也使用了问卷调查,并且发现独立的学生样本在对任何一辆车的鸣笛时间上的预期是没有差别的。而有一些人说他们不会对任何一种车进行鸣笛,在这些人中一个奇特现象出现了。当然,所有不会对老旧的车鸣笛的6个人都是男性,而所有不会对高级轿车鸣笛的5个都是女性。这个“好像”的发现跟事实上的行为是如此的不同,以至于研究领域的辩护者看起来更维护他们声称更加现实的数据。然而,到1991年,人们设计了一个电脑模拟情景而且这个程序证实了原来的发现(Bradley,1991)。
……

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