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Jingdong book

公共卫生、个人卫生及居家卫生

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Books Medical Science Preventive Medicine

Jingdong book

公共卫生、个人卫生及居家卫生

Name: 公共卫生、个人卫生及居家卫生
Brand: Jingdong book
SKU: 3117019851
Price: 23.98 USD
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我们都知道小时候接种疫苗的好处，因为疫苗的普及，人类已经不再承受包括小儿麻痹症在内的一些恶性疾病的折磨；我们还知道抗生素的重要性，因为当有人罹患肺炎或其他一些恶性疾病时，抗生素有起死回生的疗效。然而，在当今世界上被公认为最重要的医疗成就既不是疫苗，也不是抗生素，而是公共卫生的普及和环境卫生的改善。众所周知，卫生的主要目的是预防疾病和维护健康。公共卫生和环境卫生又依赖于我们社会上每个个人积极的遵循和维护。公共卫生和个人卫生息息相关，密不可分。
在许多国家的幼托机构里，老师就开始向小朋友讲授致病微生物的相关知识和卫生的原则与方法。而《公共卫生、个人卫生及居家卫生》是为各位家长提供关于卫生基本知识的读本，主要讨论了我们在日常生活和居家环境中需要贯彻的卫生原则以及如何贯彻这些卫生原则，希望广大读者可以从《公共卫生、个人卫生及居家卫生》中得到启示，在未来的生活中以卫生原则作为守卫家人健康的首要考虑。本书是面对社会大众的科普读物。

Catalogue

前言
第1章致病微生物与传染病
1.1 致病微生物
1.1.1 细菌
1.1.2 病毒
1.1.3 真菌
1.1.4 寄生虫
1.2 传染病
1.2.1 传染源
1.2.2 易感者和高危险易感人群
1.2.3 潜伏期和传染期
1.2.4 感染出口和感染入口
1.3 致病微生物的传播途径
1.3.1 直接接触传播
1.3.2 间接传播
1.4 预防和控制传染病
1.4.1 防范对策和举措
1.4.2 具体卫生举措和良好的卫生习惯

第2章如厕卫生
2.1 人体的消化道
2.2 人体排泄物与传染病
2.3 密闭式冲水马桶和污水下水道
2.3.1 密闭式冲水马桶
2.3.2 室内管道系统
2.3.3 充足的水供应
2.3.4 公共污水下水道系统
2.3.5 污水处理厂
2.4 在缺乏卫生设施时的如厕卫生

第3章饮用水卫生和休闲用水卫生
3.1 水文循环
3.2 与水污染相关的疾病
3.3 公共供水系统
3.3.1 饮用水水质安全标准
3.3.2 公共供水的管理系统
3.4 居家用水卫生
3.4.1 家庭净水设备
3.4.2 减低三卤甲烷
3.4.3 防范军团病
3.5 休闲用水卫生
3.5.1 休闲用水水质检测
3.5.2 游泳卫生
3.6 在缺乏安全供水时的饮用水卫生

第4章饮食卫生
4.1 常见的可引发食源性疾病的原因
4.1.1 常见的可引发食源性疾病的致病原
4.1.2 常见的可引发食源性疾病的高危险食物
4.1.3 常见的可引发食源性疾病的高危险行为
4.2 居家饮食卫生
4.2.1 存放食物的卫生原则
4.2.2 准备食物的卫生原则
4.2.3 用餐卫生的原则

第5章病媒控制和动物管制
5.1 蝇虫控制
5.1.1 蝇虫的危害
5.1.2 蝇虫的生态习性
5.1.3 蝇虫控制的策略和方法
……
第6章垃圾处理
第7章个人卫生
第8章居家卫生

Book Abstract

在缺乏公共卫生基础设施如污水下水道和安全饮用水的地区，经粪口传播的疾病如志贺氏杆菌痢疾、阿米巴痢疾、甲肝等就经常会广为流行。志贺氏杆菌性痢疾是因感染志贺氏杆菌所引起的肠道传染病。杆菌性痢疾传染力非常强，只要经口吃入10～100个细菌就可以导致疾病，在缺乏公共卫生基础的地区特别容易引起大范围流行。志贺氏杆菌痢疾经粪口传播。患者或携带者在如厕后若是没有彻底将手洗干净就去和他人握手就可以将杆菌痢疾传播给他人。被污染的水和食物经常会引起地区大规模的流行。
许多肠道寄生虫病经粪口传播。阿米巴痢疾是由阿米巴原虫所引起的寄生虫病。有90％的感染者会成为无症状的携带者。携带者自己本人可以没有任何症状但却可以间歇性地将虫卵从粪便中排出，继而再传染给他人。
甲肝是由甲型肝炎病毒所引起的肝炎。甲肝特别容易发生在环境卫生较差的地区。甲肝的严重程度一般随年龄的增加而增加。儿童时期的感染大多不出现任何临床症状或症状轻微，有些成人感染甲肝病毒后也不会出现症状，还有些人在感染过后两个星期才出现症状。但感染了甲肝病毒的儿童和成人却依然能将甲肝病毒传播给他人。甲肝可以通过粪口传播，通过被污染了的水或食物传播，还可以通过人与入之间的直接接触传播，还可以通过含有甲肝病毒的血液或血液制品传播。1989年上海发生甲肝大流行，造成30万人感染。
幽门杆菌也可以通过粪口传播。幽门杆菌是一种能在人体胃黏膜上和十二指肠黏膜上的强酸环境中存活的螺旋状杆菌。1982年澳洲名为Barry Marshall和Robin Warren的两位科学家从胃黏膜标本中发现并培养出幽门杆菌，并因此获得了诺贝尔医学奖。科学家们在随后的研究中陆续发现幽门杆菌是慢性胃炎、十二指肠溃疡、胃溃疡，甚至是胃癌的主要诱因。幽门杆菌的感染者常有消化不良的症状，包括上腹不适、打嗝、腹鸣、腹胀等胃炎症状。在患者或携带者的粪便中、牙垢斑中都可以检测有幽门杆菌，因此幽门杆菌被普遍认为可以经粪口传播，还可以经口水传播，和经呕吐物传播。在秘鲁幽门杆菌高发区的饮用水里曾被检测出幽门杆菌，因此受污染的水也可能是幽门杆菌的传染源。苍蝇的体表和排泄物里经常含有幽门杆菌，所以蝇类也可能会传播幽门杆菌。在环境卫生较差的地区，幽门杆菌的感染率就较高。有人认为肠道传染病只是拉拉肚子，其实不然。许多肠道传染病还会导致反应性关节炎，甚至转变为慢性关节炎，那就会带来经年长期的煎熬。为了预防经粪口传播的传染病，将人体排泄物与其周围环境相隔离开来就非常重要，因为有大量携带者的存在，我们无从知道哪个人的排泄物里是否会含有致病原，只有通过实验室检验才能检测出，所以在日常生活里，我们应该视所有的人体排泄物都当作是高危险的可能含有致病原的媒介物。
经病媒传播致病原可以通过蚊、蜱、蚤、螨、虱类吸血病媒的叮咬而传播疾病。这些病媒在叮咬患者或携带者时，就摄取到被致病原所感染了的血液，致病原随后在吸血病媒体内大量繁殖，若病媒再去叮咬他人时，就将致病原传播到他人的体内，继而导致疾病。蚊虫可以传播许多传染病，包括日本脑炎、疟疾、黄热病、丝虫病、登革热、西尼罗热等。
叮咬并不是病媒传播疾病的唯一方式。当带有致病原的苍蝇接触食物时，就将致病原传播到食物上，如果直接被易感者吃入，就可能导致染病。鼠类也会传播疾病，包括鼠疫、汉他病毒感染、钩端螺旋体病、李斯特菌感染等。鼠类还经常寄生蚤、虱、螨、蜱等多种病媒，并传播多种传染病。
汉他病毒感染是人畜共通传染病，主要有两大类：肾病症出血热和肺病症。汉他病毒肺病症主要发生在北美。肾病症出血热，即汉他病毒出血热，经常发生在欧亚大陆，其中最严重的地区在中国大陆，除了青海以外的省市和地区都发生过因汉他病毒所引发的出血热，平均每年发病数超过10万病例。汉他病毒出血热的最初症状包括突然严重的头痛、腹痛、下背痛、发烧、寒颤、恶心、视力模糊等，随后会出现低血压、出血症状、休克、肾衰竭，甚至死亡。
……

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