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Jingdong book

儿童心理保健与咨询培训教程

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Jingdong book

儿童心理保健与咨询培训教程

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世界卫生组织对健康的定义是“健康不仅仅是没有疾病或虚弱，而是身体、心理和社会适应的完好状态”。儿童时期不仅是身体发育成长的重要时期，而且是培养心理健康素质的关键阶段。健康的儿童心理不仅是指没有心理疾病或病态心理，而且要具有良好的心理品质和健全的人格，能适应客观环境，使心理和行为与社会现实之间有和谐完美的统一。随着经济社会的快速发展，我国儿童的各种心理健康问题逐渐凸显，情绪、行为、学习、社会交往等问题都影响着儿童的健康成长；特殊的生活环境造成的独生子女、留守儿童、流动儿童等不同的心理健康问题也非常突出。因此，儿童心理保健和心理健康越来越受到社会的广泛关注。
早期发现儿童的心理问题，采取科学的方法进行疏导和治疗，除了需要社会、家庭、学校共同努力外，还需要一大批有一定相关知识和能力的儿童心理健康工作者参与。由于种种原因，目前国内相关的儿童心理健康工作者匮乏，规范的儿童心理保健与咨询教材缺乏，为适应广大儿童心理保健专业人员的需求和人才培养的需要，我司特组织国内具有丰富儿童心理保健与咨询经验的专家，编写了《儿童心理保健与咨询》培训教程。该教程涵盖儿童心理学、儿童保健学、心理咨询、社会学等多个领域，共分11章，包括儿童心理发展和保健的基本知识，儿童心理评估和咨询的技术方法，以及儿童心理相关疾病的早期发现和处理原则等三部分，力求在基础知识和实践技能方面为相关专业人员提供一些帮助。
Catalogue

第一章 绪论
第一节 儿童心理保健的概念
第二节 儿童心理保健研究的原则与方法
第三节 儿童心理保健简史
第四节 儿童心理保健的内容

第二章 儿童心理发展的生理基础
第一节 身体发育
第二节 大脑发育
第三节 运动发展

第三章 儿童认知发展
第一节 认知发展理论
第二节 认知过程
第三节 智力
第四节 语言发展

第四章 儿童情绪和社会性发展
第一节 基本情绪的发展
第二节 气质及其发展
第三节 依恋及其发展
第四节 自我及性别角色的发展

第五章 家庭与社会对儿童心理发展的影响
第一节 生态系统理论
第二节 家庭
第三节 同伴
第四节 社会

第六章 儿童心理评估
第一节 心理评估概述
第二节 心理测验
第三节 心理测验的理论与原则
第四节 常用儿童心理测验

第七章 儿童心理咨询
第一节 心理咨询概述
第二节 心理咨询的技巧

第八章 儿童心理治疗
第一节 心理治疗概述
第二节 心理治疗的理论基础
第三节 心理治疗的主要方法

第九章 儿童常见心理相关疾病和问题的发现与处理
第一节 一般行为问题
第二节 常见心身疾病
第三节 常见物质滥用问题
第四节 性心理发育及其性行为问题
第五节 其他相关心理行为问题

第十章 儿童学习困难的咨询与处理
第一节 学习困难的分类
第二节 学习困难的诊断
第三节 学习困难的影响因素
第四节 学习困难的咨询指导
第五节 学习困难的处理

第十一章 儿童精神障碍的发现与处理
第一节 进食障碍
第二节 睡眠障碍
第三节 排泄障碍
第四节 言语障碍
第五节 常见行为障碍
第六节 常见情绪障碍
第七节 心理发育障碍
……
附录
主要参考文献
Book Abstract

第三节智力
一、智力什么是智力？
就日常概念而言，智力是一个十分简单的概念。在日常生活中，我们常会碰到很多智力问题，如我们经常听到有人说这个孩子真聪明，那个孩子愚笨，这和智力水平的高低有关。就科学概念而育，智力是一个复杂的概念。
有人强调智力是抽象思维的能力：例如理解能力、判断能力、推理能力、创造能力。智力较高的个体由于具有较强的抽象思维能力，能够深刻理解，正确判断，敏捷推理，并且富有创造性。代表人物：法国的比内和美国的推孟。
有人强调智力是适应环境的能力：如果个体的智力越高，那么他适应环境的能力就越强。在一个全新的环境条件下，这种个体能够较快地用新的反应去适应周围环境。代表人物：德国的斯腾、美国的桑代克、瑞士的皮亚杰。
有人强调智力是学习的能力：智力是学习知识与技能的能力，智力与学习能力之间存在着高度正相关，智力较高的个体能够顺利学习难度较大的内容，不仅学习速度快，而且学习成绩也好，智力较低的个体则与之相反。个体所积累的学习效果，是他的智力水平。代表人物：白金汉、亨曼、迪尔伯恩、盖茨等。
当前，人们更认可智力是一种综合的能力。在20世纪20年代那场轰轰烈烈的智力含义大讨论时，美国的韦克斯勒还属于无名之辈。到1944年，他提出了与众不同的智力定义：“智力是个体有目的地行动、合理地思维和有效地处理周围环境的汇合的或整体的能力。”这种智力的定义整合了以上三种观点。首先，智力是一种综合的能力。任何一种单一的能力，不管是抽象思维能力，还是适应环境能力，还是学习能力，或者是其他重要能力，都只是智力的一个组成部分。其次，智力应该包括三个成分：有目的的行动（学习属于此种行动的首要体现）、合理的思维（以抽象思维为主）、有效的处理周围环境（其目的正是适应环境）。
二、婴儿智力
什么是婴儿智力？
这是一个更难以回答的问题。持不同智力观的人可能对此的回答是不同的。传统的心理测量理论家致力于婴儿智力量表的编制。虽然由于婴儿年龄太小、对言语的理解能力和表达能力都很差、容易哭闹、注意力不集中等因素的影响，编制婴儿智力测验是一项充满挑战性的任务，但他们还是以婴儿知觉和运动反应项目为主，以早期的语言发展和问题解决任务为辅编制了量表。美国的格塞尔是编制婴儿智能发育量表的鼻祖，在1940年就正式发表了“格塞尔发育量表”（详细内容见第六章）。信息加工心理学家更愿意从儿童信息加工的反应速度上来考察婴儿早期智力的个体差异。由于对大多数儿童来说，婴儿智力测验并不预测后来的智商（IQ），研究者转向信息加工，寻求评价早期心理能力的新途径。其研究结果表明，从儿童早期到青少年期这段时间内，对视觉刺激习惯化和去习惯化的速度是预测儿童智力的最好的指标。与传统的婴儿智力测验相比，习惯化.去习惯化反应可能是预测传统智力的更为有效的指标。因为它评价了思维的敏捷性（速度），这是聪明个体的一种品质。它还探测了基本的认知过程——注意、记忆和对新奇性的反应，它们构成各个年龄智慧行为的基础（表3-3）。
……

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