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Jingdong book

观看之道

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观看之道

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1.艺术入门经典,改变西方几代人的观看方式。1972年,由约翰·伯格主导的电视系列片《观看之道》在英国BBC播出,这个节目改变了西方一整个时代的观看方式,本书即是与之相配套的同名图文书。《观看之道》所普及的观念,是普通读者了解和观看西方艺术的重要手段,《观看之道》既是艺术欣赏入门经典,同时,它论及机械复制时代的艺术品、女性作为被观看对象、油画传统、广告与资本主义等部分的内容,亦是相关领域研究者的必读文本。
2.收录艺术史经典名作两百余幅,当代最伟大的艺术评论家解读。约翰·伯格是英国艺术史家、小说家、公共知识分子、画家,从1952年起,就开始为New Statesman撰稿,并迅速成为英国当代最有影响力的艺术批评家,本书精选艺术经典名作两百余幅,由约翰·伯格解读,精装再版,值得收藏。
Content Description

观看先于言语。观看确立了我们在周围世界的地位。他人的视线与我们的相结合,使我们确信自己置身于这可观看的世界之中。而当图像终于取代文字,充斥于视线所及的一切空间,我们又该如何观看而不致再度迷失?
《观看之道》论及机械复制时代的艺术品、女性作为被观看对象、油画传统、广告与资本主义等方面,配以两百余幅经典图像,与BBC同名纪录片一起,改变了西方一整个世代的观看方式,也必将适用于如今大大小小的手机屏幕和街边广告牌。从对视觉文化的深入探索和普及的角度而言,《观看之道》亦可与贡布里希爵士最杰出的著作互为补充。
Author Description

约翰·伯格,英国艺术评论家、小说家、画家和诗人,1926年出生于英国伦敦。1944至1946年在英国军队服役。退役后入切尔西艺术学院和伦敦中央艺术学院学习。1940年代后期,伯格以画家身份开始其个人生涯,于伦敦多个画廊举办展览。1948年至1955年,他以教授绘画为业,并为伦敦著名杂志《新政治家》撰稿,迅速成为英国颇具争议性的艺术批评家。
1972年,他的电视系列片《观看之道》在BBC播出,同时出版配套的图文册,遂成艺术批评的经典之作。小说《G》为他赢得了布克奖及詹姆斯·泰特·布莱克纪念奖。2008年,伯格凭借小说FromAtoX再次获得布克奖提名。
Comments

★我尊崇并热爱约翰·伯格的作品。他为世间真正重要之事写作,而非随性所至。在当代英语作家中,我奉他为翘楚;自劳伦斯以来,再无人像伯格这般关注感觉世界,并赋之以良心的紧迫性。他是一位杰出的艺术家与思想者。论诗意,他或许稍逊劳伦斯;但他更机敏、更关注公共价值,风度气节亦胜一筹。他是一位杰出的艺术家与思想者。
——苏珊·桑塔格

★他不倦的窥探并非仅仅指向摄影与绘画,而是“观看”的诡谲。在我们可能涉及的有关观看的文献中,很难找到如此引人入胜的文字,这些文字有效化解了古典绘画被专业史论设置的高贵藩篱,也使照片摆脱过多的影像理论,还原为亲切的视觉读物。阅读伯格,会随时触动读者内心极为相似的诧异与经验,并使我们的同情心提升为良知。
——陈丹青

★撇开意识形态立场不谈,伯格目前在几个领域里都是不可不读的大家。例如艺术理论和艺术史,你能不看《观看之道》和《毕加索的成败》吗?假如你研究摄影,你能不读他的《另一种讲述的方式》吗?假如你喜欢当代英语文学,你一定会在主要的书评刊物读到其他人评介他的新小说。更妙的是,他随便写一篇谈动物的文章,也被人认为是新兴的文化研究领域“动物研究”的奠基文献之一。综合起来看,他就和苏珊·桑塔格一样,是那种最有原创力也最有影响力的公共知识分子;虽然不在学院,也不按学院的格式写作,却创造出了很多名牌大学教授一辈子也弄不出来的观念。而且他还要写得那么美,拥有那么多读者。反过来说,今天我们中国也很流行讲“公共知识分子”,但很惭愧,我们似乎还没有人及得上伯格这一流,还没有谁会有这样的知识上的创造力。
——梁文道
Book Abstract

观看先于言语。儿童先观看,后辨认,再说话。
但是,观看先于言语,还有另一层意思。正是观看确立了我们在周围世界的地位;我们用语言解释那个世界,可是语言并不能抹杀我们处于该世界包围之中这一事实。我们见到的与我们知道的,二者的关系从未被澄清。每天傍晚,我们见到太阳下山。我们知道地球正在转离太阳。然而,这种了解与解释,从未与这景观相符。超现实主义画家马格利特(Magritte)在他那幅《梦境之钥》(TheKeyofDreams)的画中,对那长存于言语与观看之间的鸿沟,作了一番探讨。
我们观看事物的方式,受知识与信仰的影响。中世纪的人相信地狱作为实体的确存在,对于他们,火的视觉含义必与今日的相异。可是他们的地狱观念,既同他们灼痛的体验有关,更与火焰燃成灰烬的景象紧密结合。
坠入爱河之际,意中人的目光是凝神专注、含情脉脉的。此刻,纵有千言万语,互相拥抱,也难释爱意,唯有缱绻缠绵,方能接近这种感觉。
然而,这种先于语言,又从未曾被语言完全解释清楚的观看,并非一种对刺激所作的机械反应。(除非把视觉过程中同视网膜有关的小部分孤立出来,这种看法才能成立。)我们只看见我们注视的东西,注视是一种选择行为。注视的结果是,将我们看见的事物纳入我们能及—虽然未必是伸手可及—的范围内。触摸事物,就是把自己置于与它的关系中。(闭上眼睛,在室内来回走动,注意触觉仿佛成了静止的、有限的视觉。)我们从不单单注视一件东西;我们总是在审度物我之间的关系。我们的视线总是在忙碌,总是在移动,总是将事物置于围绕它的事物链中,构造出呈现于我们面前者,亦即我们之所见。
能观看后不久,我们就意识到别人也能观看我们。他人的视线与我们的相结合,使我们确信自己置身于这可观看的世界之中。
如果我们承认我们可以看见那边的小山,那是因为我们设定从那座山上我们能被看见。视觉的这种交互性质比口头对话的更为根本。而对话,常常是一种以言语呈现此一交互关系的尝试:试图解释—无论以隐喻还是直白的方式——“你如何看事物的”,并试图发现“他如何看事物的”。
就本书所用词汇的含义而言,所有影像(image)都是人为的。
影像是重造或复制的景观。这是一种表象或一整套表象,已脱离了当初出现并得以保存的时间和空间,其保存时间从瞬息至数百年不等。每一影像都体现一种观看方法。一张照片也如是。因为照片并非如一般人认为的是一种机械性的记录。每次我们观看一张照片,多少觉察到摄影师是从无数可供选择的景观中,挑选了眼前这角度。即使在随意拍摄的家庭快照中,也是如此。摄影师的观看方法,反映在他对题材的选择上。画家的观看方法,可由他在画布或画纸上所涂抹的痕迹重新构成。然而,尽管每一个影像都体现了一种观看方法,但我们对影像的理解和欣赏,还取决于各人独具的观看方法。(比如说,希拉是二十个人中的一位,而我们出于本身的缘故,偏把目光投向她。)
最初,制作影像是为了用幻想勾勒那不在眼前的事物的形貌。逐渐地,影像比它所表现的事物更能经得起岁月的磨炼;它还能提供某物或某人旧日的模样—从而也隐含了别人一度对这一题材的看法。其后,人们又承认影像还记录了制作者的具体观点。影像成为某甲如何看待某乙的实录。这是个体意识不断增强—伴随着不断增强的历史意识—的结果。试图精确地界定这一最后发展阶段的年代,未免失之轻率。但可以肯定,这种意识从欧洲文艺复兴初期即已存在。
除了影像,还没有任何一种遗物或古文献可直接确证各个朝代人民生活在其中的世界。在这方面,影像比文献精确、丰富。上述说法也并不否定艺术的表现力或想象力,并不将其仅仅看作记录性的文献;相反,作品越见想象力,就越能让我们与艺术家深入地分享对眼前影像的感受。
然而,影像作为艺术品展出时,人们观赏的方式会受一整套有关艺术的旧有看法所影响。这些看法涉及:

真理
天才
文明
形式
地位
品位,等等
其中许多看法已不再适用于世界本身。(世界本身并非仅为客观现实,还包括意识。)这些看法既同当今格格不入,又使过去模糊不清;它们非但不能起澄清作用,反而造成神秘感。往昔,不会静候被人发现,等待恢复其本来面目。历史总是在构造今、昔的关系。结果,对今日的恐惧引来对往昔的神秘化。过去并非供人憩息的住处,而是为了采取行动而从中提取结论的源泉。把古代文化神秘化会造成双重损失:艺术品被不必要地置于遥不可及的境地;而历史提供给我们完善行动的结论,也日渐匮乏。
我们“看见”风景时,也就身入其境。我们若是“看见”过去的艺术品,便会置身于历史之中了。倘若有人妨碍我们观看它,我们就被剥夺了属于我们的历史。谁能从这种剥夺中获益呢?旧时的艺术被人搞得神秘莫测,只因少数的特权人物致力于编造历史,它能从回顾的角度,把统治阶级的作用合理化,而这种合理化,用现代眼光来看是再也站不住脚的。因此,昔日的艺术品非被神秘化不可。
……
Introduction

致 读 者
本书由我们五人合作编写。写作本书的缘起,乃来自电视系列片Ways of Seeing 中的一些观念。我们力图扩充并详尽阐述这些观念。上述观念不仅影响本书内容,也影响其叙述方式。本书的形式,既顾及编写者的意图也兼顾书中的议题。全书包括七篇编上序号的文章,以任何顺序阅读均可。其中四篇,图文并用,其余三篇,只用影像。这些纯图像篇章(论述观看女子的各种方法及油画传统中互相矛盾的各个方面)意在引发与言语篇章同样多的问题。有时,在图像篇章中,我们对于被复制的图画未加任何说明,实乃唯恐此类信息分散读者的注意力,以致影响正题。但是,所有图片说明均可在书末的“插图说明”中查到。
本书所有篇章均无妄加发挥之处,每篇仅涉及一个论题的某些方面,尤其是被现代历史意识推向突出地位的各个方面。本书旨在引发怀疑与讨论。
John Berger,Sven Blomberg,Chris Fox,
Michael Dibb,Richard Hollis

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