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天神与天地之道:巫觋信仰与传统思想渊源

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天神与天地之道:巫觋信仰与传统思想渊源

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郭静云教授2013年曾著《夏商周:从神话到史实》一书。甫一出版,引起学界极大的关注和讨论。三年后她再推出《天神与天地之道》一书,在自己建构的学术理论和认知体系上,对上古思想的缘起和真相进行了多方面的探索。郭教授既利用了大量考古材料,又结合历史文献,并在她丰富的人类学、艺术史和宗教学知识基础上,展开了宏大的研究。用台湾史学家孙隆基先生的话:《天神与天地之道》是一部必须用开放心灵阅读的书,具‘柳暗花明又一村’之效。”

Content Description

《天神与天地之道》以上古信仰和传统思想为主要研究对象,结合考古学、古文字学和历史文献材料,对商代的天神信仰进行了系统的研究。内容涉及上古神龙形象的来源,商代双嘴龙的信仰,“申”字的演变,商代神纹的来源,凤、虎、鸟神的神能及崇拜,天帝的概念,商代礼器上的人面像,甲骨卜辞上下若的意义,先秦“神明”的概念,商代“五色”概念的形成,商周“道”的本义及演化,等等。

Author Description

郭静云,史学博士。具有20余年的研究、教学、田野考古与博物馆工作经验。现任台湾中正大学历史系教授、广州中山大学珠江学者讲座教授。其著作《夏商周:从神话到史实》获“2013年度中国影响力图书·文史类”提名。

Catalogue

序/1

摘要/1

绪论时空范围与认识古人精神文化的方法要点/1

上编昊天充满神兽: 商文明祈天的信仰结构

导论:神兽崇拜及古代文明的精神———兼论研究方法的要点/ 17

第一章上古文明神龙形象来源的异同/22

第二章商文明双嘴龙“天神”信仰索隐/47

第三章天上龙神的神能:甲骨卜辞考释/145

第四章先秦从“申”诸字:“神”义扩展的脉络/179

第五章商文明神纹来源之谜/ 191

第六章殷商帝国多元的宗教:非龙形的通天兽/ 246

第七章老虎帝国/ 306

第八章商文明信仰中天凤的神能/417

第九章非兽形的“天帝”/469

第十章先王的形象/ 511

第十一章商代礼器人面寻钥/526

总论:神兽、祖先与上帝——商文明昊天的信仰结构/575

下编从天神到天地之道: 易与道观念的先迹

导论:从形象到概念/ 597

第一章 甲骨文祈卜“下上若”的隐义与天地之交概念/ 599

第二章 从商周古文字思考“乾”、“坤”卦名索隐/612

第三章 天地之交与先秦“神明”之生机概念/619

第四章 从上下到五方:礼仪的色谱与“五色”概念之形成/ 699

第五章 “未知其名”:商周“道”观念本义与演化/774

总论:从信仰到哲学、从哲学到新的信仰/814

余言:多层面的信仰与思想

———兼谈上古观念的研究现况与前景/820

图录/ 830

参考书目/847

Summary/899

后记/915

跋/917

Introduction

这本书极大地满足了我对于上古世界的好奇心,也激发起我进一步探索的强烈愿望。

创造那些瑰丽神奇的青铜宝物的年代,已经离我们三四千年远了。这些宝物在自己的生命历程中,虽曾有过灿烂与辉煌,然终被深埋于历史的尘土,以致淹没于世而不为人知,其后又因着偶然的机会不断被挖掘出土,重见天光,吸引世人的注意,引发世人的好奇心而令其急欲解读之。人们想要知道,它们为什么要这样造型,它们的构图方式为何那么奇特?那些制作这些器物的古人,又有着怎样的精神世界?

自宋代金石学诞生至今,对它们进行解读的努力可谓千年不绝,一代又一代的睿智之士,怀揣着极大的热情,前赴后继,殚精竭虑,苦求答案。现代考古学出现后,这种对于历史本源和古人精神世界的求索更甚于前,且使用了各种科学方法和手段。千年求索的成果不可谓不丰,奈何那些创造这些宝物的人们,已经渺远难稽;而与他们精神世界的沟通,则更像是在浓密的暗夜中前行。是故,对于那些青铜器的分析,对于其主人们精神世界的理解,虽然众说纷纭,著作充栋,亦不乏真知灼见,然而,总体来说,终不免似雾里看花、盲人摸象,令人感到难中肯綮的失望。直到读了这本《天神与天地之道———巫觋信仰与传统思想渊源》,始有茅塞顿开、豁然开朗之感,恰似阳光照进暗夜,使三代精神世界的历史轮廓显明如晨。

诚如作者所言,这本书的主旨是透视中国青铜时代精神文化的源与流。不同于学界此前将郑洛地区的二里头文化、二里岗文化视为中国青铜时代早期的标杆,本书以作者在其著作《夏商周:从神话到史实》一书中所论述的史实为背景,进一步细化其叙述和论证,认为早期中国青铜文化发展的主流实为长江中游地区的石家河文化和盘龙城文化,石家河文化晚期(或称后石家河文化)可能为文献中所称的三苗和夏王国时代,盘龙城文化则对应着汤商王国时期。后来殷人南下打败汤商,吸收融合汤商的谱系和文化,并自称为商,是为殷商。书中以充分的事实说明,殷商是一个多元且整体化的上古帝国,具有系统的祭礼结构和信仰体系。这一体系先在汤商时期形成和成熟,后在殷商时期再吸收、消化而同化了多元的声音和因素,并加以整合;经周代传承,在西周后半叶开始变化,逐渐获得新的意义。总体而言,商文明宗教体系涵盖千余年甚至近两千年的历史,直至秦汉才失传。所以,这本书实际上是以两商信仰体系作为探索的主轴和文化承前启后的关键环节:一方面,将两商文明视为多元的上古信仰总体化的“终点”,另一方面,又将其视为后期传统形成的“出发点”。

本书分上、下两编。上编通过对礼器和文献的分析,探索上古的神祕形象及礼仪;下编旨在探索商代信仰概念的哲理化过程及其如何成为易学、道家等传统文化的基础。全书大量运用考古材料,包括甲骨金文,青铜器、玉器等精美礼器以及汉画等,也采用传世文献资料。得益于作者在考古学、艺术学、思想史、文献学、古文字学、人类学和文化比较研究等方面的深厚积累和敏锐洞察力,使其能够娴熟运用数量庞大、种类繁多的材料,条分缕析,娓娓道来,让这些静止的实物自己说话和表达,讲述它们各自内在的精神意义,将一个鲜活的古人精神世界立体、动态、清晰而完整地呈现在我们面前。

找到开启这条历史长廊的钥匙,始于作者在亲自观摩大量实物后,发现青铜器上似乎无处不在而又千变万化的夔龙纹,其实都有着“双”嘴口的结构。有此发现以后,具有人类学知识背景的人,就不难理解这一结构背后所关涉到的死与生的意义。作者继而透过对甲骨文的考证发现,双嘴夔龙形象正好就是商人心目中的“神”,夔龙即为当时的天神。透过进一步的疏理和考证,作者为我们描绘了商人心目中的天神形象:天神神能的重点在于“神降”(吐泄甘露),以实现天地之交、上下关联、万物之生。但是负责上下关联的神,不能只下降,亦须上升。自上而下的神降意味着盈生,而自下而上的神升即意味着死亡而再生。神龙负责一切万物的死生循环,并赋予人以神格化的奥秘形象,通过他可以衍生“神人”;商王一方面是自己祖先的后裔,同时也是由龙形神母所衍生的“神子”,所以拥有超越性能力,能获得神龙的保祐。

随着这扇大门的开启,书中逐步向我们描述和展示虎、凤和其他各种神兽形象在商时代的结构和内在意涵,以及它们与相关神祕符号的关系,并结合祈卜仪式、颜色等等非直接叙述的形象语言的分析,为我们描绘了商文明系统而完整的宇宙图景:天中有帝,先王等祖先在他左右,天空四方有四凤,在天上负责中与方的相合;天上另有龙负责降甘露,在天上通过吞吐实现上下之交,而地面之下的水中有乌龟,能感受天意而参加上下之交;作为神靈雨的甘露自天降于地,而太阳从地升于天,构成上下神明之交;此外,地上中央有王,负责使中央与四方相合,并共同供明德祭天;同时,人王从地的中央通达天中的帝。支撑这一宏大历史论述的证据材料包括考古材料和传世文献,对材料的分析和解释切合历史学和人类学的常识,同时作者又深具世界历史和文化的宽阔视野,故而立论下笔往往具有很强的说服力。可以说,这是我所见过的有关商文明精神世界最具系统性,也最令人信服的学说。

本书堪称鸿篇巨制,但却大而不乱,清晰有序,前呼后应,逻辑严密。全书贯穿一条上古精神文化发展的主线,即从信仰到思想,再从思想到信仰的发展历程。作者擅长结构分析,特别是在讨论两商精神文化时,紧扣各种表象背后在深层结构上的一致性,直视问题的本质、关键和核心,力求对商人的精神世界作全景图式的描写和整合式的观察与分析。一般来说,结构分析倾向于忘记或忽略历史过程,本书却将二者进行完美的结合。书中表达的上古精神世界远不是静止的和平面的,而是在历史的长河中不断流淌和演进的。作者用很多篇幅讲述了两商精神文化如何逐渐在早期的土壤,特别是在长江中游早期文化的土壤中形成,到了西周又如何变化,而后在春秋战国至秦汉时代又如何被哲理化和迷信化。所以,这本书充分展示了在上古史领域历史人类学研究方法的深度与魅力。我们从书中所看到的,是一条流淌了二千余年的人类精神文化的全景图式的历史长河。这是中国传统文化的根源所在。鉴古方知今,了解根源无疑有助于我们理解自身文化。比如,读了这本书之后,就让我对众多文化传统恍然大悟,好奇心被满足的同时,亦因求知得真解而深感痛快。

这还是一本精雕细刻之作。那些汇聚到两千年历史长河中的无数干支河流,沿途的沟壑曲道、风浪暗流等等,无不需要作者作细致的观察和了解。这使作者既需要有宏大气魄登高望远而俯览全局,又需要能平心静气做入微观察和细致描画。正是受益于这种全局和细节的精确把握和掌控,使作者对于很多大家平时已经多见不怪的器物造型、思想概念和文化现象,能够做出独到的观察和解释,读来不由令人击节称赞。如作者注意到三星堆出土神树的底座上有一条神龙,树上有九只鸟,“在这扶桑树枝上有九只小鸟休息,第十只好像飞走了,正翱翔而使天空明亮,剩下的九只将轮流代替它。这里的十鸟象征十日,树上九鸟代表九日;另一只为当值之日,飞翔于天空,而不见于树……神树下有一条张开嘴的龙,把龙的形象也合为一体。笔者假设,这种构图意味着第十鸟晚上回来时,先进入龙口,即黑夜死亡在龙的身体里,到了早晨另一只起飞时,神龙吐它再生而坐在扶桑树枝上。这种构图形象完整地表达了甲骨文所记载的丧礼中神与日的关系。”此类观察精准而有趣的例子还有很多。

这不是一本容易写作的书。记得刚拿到二校样时,静云感叹道:“如果我不写《亲仁与天命》,早晚会有别人这样分析而写出来;如果我不写《夏商周:从神话到史实》,过一段时间也一定会有另一个人写得出来,因为这种史实隐藏不了很久。但是《天神与天地之道》,除了我之外,恐怕很难会有人再写这样的书。”这么说不是作者不谦虚,太过张扬,而是因为写作这本书实在太难,需要非常多元的知识背景和生活经验,而现实生活中,很少有人能够做得到。作者本人的阅历和学术功底为本书的写作打下了基础,而她写作期间的坚忍执着和所承受的身心之痛,亦是外人难以想象的。这本书从酝酿到写作,再到出版,历时十余年,基本上贯穿了作者在中文世界的全部学术生活经历。我两年前接触到这本书的初稿,那时大约只有六十万字的篇幅,但全书的基本框架已经形成。这两年中,我们生活与沉浸在这本书的世界里,其间的曲折与艰辛,难以尽道。比如,书中用到的很多甲金文都需要用很大的电脑屏幕才方便处理,但由于各种原因,我们这几年生活工作奔波不定,没办法拎着大屏幕到处走,这使她经常只能在小小的手提电脑屏幕前看这些材料,一度导致视力严重受损。静云是一个责任心极强、对待工作极为认真的人,她认为把自己的发现和认识写出来,是一种责任。但是,研究和写作又是__一件极为耗费精力、折损身体的事,而且要写的东西太多太难,还要随时抽出身来应对和处理现实生活中的杂事和干扰,以致她经常生出一种生有涯而事未竟的忧患与感叹!

这本书并不容易读,但也并不难读。说不容易,是因为这是个讲求快读、轻读、读图、读短文、浅尝辄止的时代;也因为书中涉及的知识背景和所运用的材料,远远超出任何一个单一学科的范围,而当前我们的学术工作却仍以各种专业为局限,所以超出了很多人的专业范围;还因为书中的论述框架远远超出了当前教科书中的话语体系。说并不难,是因为,只要接受了书中的论述,书中清晰的条理就可以引导读者跟着作者的思路一路往前走,如果你对其中某些论证材料不够熟悉或不感兴趣,尽可以跳过去;每个章节在开头都会有导语,在后面有小结或结语,它们将问题和重点疏理出来,可以起到帮助和引导的作用。作者曾经在中山大学和台湾中正大学开设相关课程,每次都引起学生们的极大兴趣。所以,无论是专业研究者,还是业余爱好者,只要是对先秦历史和考古,对中国思想文化的源与流,对三代礼器与上古信仰主题感兴趣,只要能够静下心来,慢读此书,就应该能够从中找到有价值的东西或感兴趣的话题,甚或发现一个完全不同的上古世界。

此外,作者另一专书《夏商周:从神话到史实》自出版以来,引起很大的关注和争论。由于受书中的主题和论述框架限制,当时没有办法将所有的证据和材料都写进去。对此,本书已有诸多补充和细化的论述,以后还将继续完善之。

郭立新

2016 年3 月6 日

写于中山大学康乐园蜗居

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You will not be able to activate the gift card deals if you choose other payment methods besides gift card. The products will be purchased at their normal prices;

If your account balance is not enough to pay for the products with gift card deals, you can choose to reload your gift card balance by clicking on the Reload button at either shopping cart page or check out page;

Products that have gift card deals can be recognized by a special symbol showing 'GC Deal';

For any additional questions or concerns, please contact our customer service;

Yamibuy reserves the right of final interpretation.

Sold by Yami

Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

Yami is committed to provide our customers with a peace of mind when purchasing from us. Most items shipped from Yamibuy.com can be returned within 30 days of receipt of shipment (For Food, Beverages, Snacks, Dry Goods, Health supplements, Fresh Grocery and Perishables Goods, within 7 days of receipt of shipment due to damages or quality issues; To ensure that every customer receives safe and high-quality products, we do not provide refunds or returns for beauty products once they have been opened or used, except in the case of quality issues; Some products may have different policies or requirements associated with them, please see below for products under special categories, or contact Yami Customer Service for further assistance).
Thank you for your understanding and support.

Learn More

Sold by Yami

Terms and Conditions of Yami E-Gift Card

If you choose “Redeem automatically” as your delivery method, your gift card balance will be reload automatically after your order has been processed successfully;

If you choose “Send to Email”as your delivery method, the card number and CVV will be sent to the email address automatically;

Any user can use the card number and CVV to redeem the gift card, please keep your gift card information safely. If you have any trouble receiving email, please contact Yami customer service;

Yami gift card can be used to purchase both Yami owned or Marketplace products;

Yami gift card will never expire;

Yami gift card balance does not have to be used up at once;

All rights reserved by Yami.

Return Policy

Gift card that has already been consumed is non-refundable.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Free Shipping over $49
Yami Easy Returns
Yami Ships from United States

Shipping

  • United States

    Standard Shipping is $5.99 (Excluding Alaska & Hawaii). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    Local Express is $5.99 (Available in Parts of CA, NJ, MA & PA). Free on orders of $49 or more.

    2-Day Express (Includes Alaska & Hawaii) starts at $19.99.

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Yami Cross-store Free Shipping over $69
Yami 30-days Return

Yami-China FC

Yami has a consolidation warehouse in China which collects multiple sellers’ packages and combines to one order. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to your door. Cross-store free shipping over $69.

Return Policy

You may return products within 30 days upon receiving the products. Sellers take responsibilities for any wrong shipment or missing items. Packing needs to be unopened for any other than quality issues return. We promise to pack carefully, but because goods are taking long journey to destinations, simple damages to packaging may occur. Any damages not causing internal goods quality problems are not allowed to return. If you open the package and any quality problem is found, please contact customer service within three days after receipt of goods.

Shipping Information

Yami Consolidation Service Shipping Fee $9.99(Free shipping over $69)

Sellers in China will ship their orders within 1-2 business days once the order is placed. Packages are sent to our consolidation warehouse in China and combined there. Our Yami consolidation warehouse will directly ship the packages to you via UPS. The average time for UPS to ship from China to the United States is about 10 working days and it can be traced using the tracking number. Due to the pandemic, the delivery time may be delayed by about 5 days. The package needs to be signed by the guest. If the receipt is not signed, the customer shall bear the risk of loss of the package.

Sold by JD@CHINA

Service Guarantee

Free shipping over 69
Genuine guarantee

Shipping

Yami Consolidated Shipping $9.99(Free shipping over $69)


Seller will ship the orders within 1-2 business days. The logistics time limit is expected to be 7-15 working days. In case of customs clearance, the delivery time will be extended by 3-7 days. The final receipt date is subject to the information of the postal company.

Yami Points information

All items are excluding from any promotion or points events on Yamibuy.com

Return Policy

You may return product within 30 days upon receiving the product. Items returned must be new in it's original packing, including the original invoice for the purchase. Customer return product at their own expense.

Yami

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Jingdong book

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About the brand

Jingdong book