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Jingdong book

星座全书

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了解星座,这一本就够了!星座起源+天文知识+定位星图+观测技巧+必备器材

这本书中,你将看到:

1.88个星座的历史和相关神话,100多幅有价值的星图

2.300余幅来自NASA、哈勃等的天文图像

3.24张南北半球月度星图,观星时必不可少的导航

4.对涉及的天文学准则和专有名词做出了通俗易懂的解释

5.恒星、行星、太空中天体与星座的个别介绍,特别指出了行星在星座中穿行的运动轨迹

6.通过裸眼,或是透过双筒望远镜、天文望远镜找寻那些特定星体的实用技巧

大开本硬精装,锁线胶订,能够180°摊开阅读和欣赏


我们探索星空,不是为了在黑暗中盲目地寻找,而是为了更好地认识人类自己。


封面图片说明:

封面图为长蛇座,它是全天88星座中长度*长、面积*大的星座,横跨1/4天际,也是托勒密所列48星座之一,NASA探测到的引力波信号就来自距地球约1.3亿光年的长蛇座内NGC 4993星系。


Content Description

人类未来的命运,取决于对宇宙的认知

这是一本针对天文爱好者的观星进阶必备图书。书中详细介绍了全天88星座的起源、神话及观测方式,配有精细的图表分析,以及NASA或哈勃拍摄的高清天文图像。同时,还介绍了恒星、行星及其他天体的观测方法,包括裸眼观测及望远镜的使用技巧。

本书没有繁杂的公式和深奥的科学理论,可供世界各地的天文爱好者观测、寻找定位各个星座、星体和深空物质。

本书内容共分四章:变幻的星空介绍星空的基本信息、全天88星座的详细介绍、其他天体的观测、月度星空示意图。


Author Description

科普类畅销书作家:贾尔斯·斯帕罗(Giles Sparrow)

科普作家,擅长天文学、空间技术和物理学等题材。毕业于伦敦大学学院天文学专业与帝国理工学院科学传播专业。著作有《行星》《火星》等。


Catalogue

引言

星座起源

阅读指导


变幻的星空

太空中的地球

观天

季节

天球

星座定义

天体

绘制星图


固定的星座

小熊座

天龙座

仙王座

鹿豹座

仙后座

御夫座和天猫座

大熊座

猎犬座

牧夫座

北冕座

武仙座

天琴座

狐狸座和天箭座

天鹅座

仙女座和蝎虎座

英仙座

双鱼座

白羊座和三角座

金牛座

双子座

巨蟹座

狮子座和小狮座

后发座

室女座

天秤座

巨蛇座

蛇夫座

天鹰座和盾牌座

海豚座和小马座

飞马座

水瓶座

鲸鱼座

猎户座

麒麟座和小犬座

大犬座

长蛇座

乌鸦座、巨爵座和六分仪座

半人马座

豺狼座

天蝎座

人马座

摩羯座

南鱼座和显微镜座

玉夫座和天炉座

波江座

天兔座

雕具座和天鸽座

船尾座

唧筒座和罗盘座

船帆座

船底座

南十字座

苍蝇座

圆规座和南三角座

矩尺座和天坛座

南冕座和望远镜座

孔雀座

天鹤座和凤凰座

杜鹃座和印第安座

时钟座和网罟座

绘架座和剑鱼座

山案座和飞鱼座

蝘蜓座和天燕座

水蛇座和南极座


移动的行星

太阳系

月球

月相变化

水星

金星

火星

小行星

木星

土星

天王星

海王星

彗星


月度星图

北半球

南半球


词汇表

大规模流星雨

索引

致谢


Book Abstract

星座起源 我们生活的星球悬浮于茫茫宇宙之中,无论往哪个方向探寻上亿光年甚至上十亿光年,都看不到边际。举头仰望,我们看到日月星辰、气体尘埃云,以及遥远的星系,它们似乎毫无章法地散落在宇宙中。我们如何才

能在庞杂无序的空间中理清头绪呢?数千年来,“星座”扮演了重要角色,为解决这个问题提供了很大帮助。

当今,国际通用的88个星座是从史前时代不断演化而来的:与金牛座相关的最早记录,出自法国拉斯科洞窟一幅17000 年前绘制的壁画。早在4000 多年前的古美索不达米亚时期,我们的祖先就编制出了人类历史上第一份星座表。

人类最先认识的,很可能是黄道十二星座——这12个星座被人类赋予了特殊的象征意义,因为太阳的周年视运动会经过这12 个星座(地球公转时,从地球上看太阳,太阳在天球上、在众星间缓慢地移动着位置,方向与地球公转方向相同,即自西向东,也是一年移动一大圈,叫作太阳的周年视运动。太阳周年视运动在天球上的路径,就是黄道。——译者注)。黄道十二宫“zodiac”这个词,来源于希腊语,意思是“动物世界”,这12 个星座中,除了天秤座,都是以动物名称命名的(天秤座曾经属于与之相邻的天蝎座)。由于各大行星的绕日轨道几乎在同一个平面星座起源

上,因此常常可以在这12 个星座内发现太阳系行星的身影。在公元前至少一千年,人们认为,黄道十二宫中的这些天体“游荡”到什么位置,与

地球上发生的大事件有关,占星术由此诞生,且一直风靡至今。由于地球

的自转轴会发生长周期变化,如今太阳在天空中的轨迹已无法与占星学概

念的黄道十二宫相对应。

在不同的文化背景下,在不同历史阶段,世界各地发展出了各自的占星体系,其中的很多概念一直沿用至今。今天的天文学界,使用的是通用星座表。现行的国际通用星座表,源自希腊裔埃及天文学家、地理学家托勒密在亚历山大城编制的星座表。公元150 年左右,托勒密将自己掌握的天文学知识集结成册,编撰了一部伟大的天文学经典著作——《至大论》

(Almagest )。托勒密星座表中罗列了包含12星座在内的48个星座,其

中大部分依然能从北纬地区和赤道上空辨认出来,托勒密的星座表一直沿

用了大约1400年。

直到16世纪,欧洲的探险家们才带回有关南半球星空的信息。天文学家很快就把这些新发现融入了自己绘制的图表,与此同时也在不断完善北半球的星空图。继17世纪前后的荷兰航海家皮特·狄克松·凯泽和弗德里克· 德·豪特曼踏出第一步之后,后来的航海家们再接再厉,帮助天文学家们在第一份南半球星图的基础之上添加了12个星座。在那之后,法国天文学家尼古拉·路易·德·拉卡伊继续扩大对南半球星空的探索,又添加了14个星座,并在1763年出版了自己绘制的星空图。

1922年到1930年间,国际天文学联合会正式公布了88个星座,且将星座定义为天空中的区域,而非星体的集合。88 个星座组成完整的天球,天空中的所有天体分属于各个星座。

天文学家按照各种规制,将星体纳入各个星座。德国天文学家约翰·拜耳于1603年设计的命名体系,通常用希腊字母来表示最亮的星体。

相对昏暗的星体通常采用的是“弗拉姆斯蒂德数”命名法(英国天文学家

约翰· 弗拉姆斯蒂德于18 世纪初提出),不容易发现的星星和其他天体

(通常统称为“深空天体”)遵循其他命名体系,以数字或字母标记。

“视星等”衡量的是星体的亮度——星体越亮,数字越小。星等体系起源于古希腊,到19 世纪才正式成为天文学界通用的分级体系:按照现在的标准,星体之间的亮度相差一个星等,就表示星体之间的亮度相差2.5 倍。最亮的星体,星等可以是负数;眼睛可以看到的最暗的星体,星等是6.0。书中的星图用星体大小表示星体亮度——更多相关说明参见下一页。

这本书就像一份综合指南,可以帮助大家了解整个夜空中的各个星座。全书分为四个部分,四个部分合在一起,我们便可按图索骥游览完整的太空世界。“变幻的星空”主要包括两方面内容:一是地球所处的独特位置影响了人类对宇宙的认识;二是天文学家是如何制定出有序的天空坐标和星座系统的。“固定的星座”将带领我们游览国际天文学联合会正式确认的88个星座,向读者展示用肉眼、双筒望远镜或是入门级别的天文望远镜即可欣赏的奇观美景。“移动的行星”将对在太阳系中漫游的行星展开探索,正是这些星体在天空中的移动改变了星座的外观。“月度星图”详细列举了在地球围绕太阳公转的一年间,两个半球的星空变化。

星座是研究天文学最基本的工具,是将宇宙进行排序的重要方法。即便到了今天,区分天空中的星座样式、了解明亮的星体以及天空中的重要目标,仍然是天文爱好者探索宇宙需要具备的最基本的能力。读完本书,你就能了解星座,就能通过星座去认识整个宇宙。


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