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探秘数学常数:说不尽的圆周率

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探秘数学常数:说不尽的圆周率

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圆,是宇宙中*普通、*常见的图形,但又是很让人着迷的。古往今来,无数数学家千方百计、用尽各种手段来求解圆周率的精确值。也从未见过有如此之多的非数学专业的“外行人士”对一个数学问题如此倾心!这本书将为你打开一扇窗户,让你一睹究在圆周率这一个小小的舞台之上,都有哪些各方神圣粉墨登场!

书中所介绍的知识与我们的生活有重要联系,读者可以看到数学是如何推动科学和技术的发展的;而且本书内容新颖,已涵盖本书印刷前数学研究的新进展和新成果。

书中涉及国内外大量数学家、科学家、艺术家等重要人物,并对相关材料进行了认真梳理和考证,纠正了许多不正确的信息与观点。

本书作者从事数学教学与研究工作数十年,编写出版了20多部科普读物,发表文章500多万字,曾荣获国家科技进步奖二等奖等重要奖项,深受各方赞誉。

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古往今来,在数学上很少有问题能像圆周率这样引起广泛的关注。它既激发了无数数学家、科学家和艺术家的极大兴趣,也曾经难倒了诸多大家名人和英雄好汉,很多凡夫俗子也试图小试身手,当然也引起了一些沽名钓誉之徒的不轨之心。在这一方舞台之上,各色人等粉墨登场。
《探秘数学常数:说不尽的圆周率》生动详尽地叙述了从古到今人类对圆周率不断加深的认识和艰难曲折的探索历程,有关圆周率的定义、名称、符号、性质以及林林总总的数值让人目不暇接,形形色色的算法令人拍案叫绝,多如牛毛的奇闻趣事让人忍俊不禁,五花八门的名题趣题使人流连忘返,难解难破的谜团雾障令人梦绕魂牵……

Author Description

陈梅,中学教师。2003年12月获重庆市重点中学中青年教师优质课大赛信息技术学科一等奖。曾担任“站在巨人肩上丛书”(共5册)编委和其中《科学偶然故事》的主编,该丛书获第1届北京市科普作品奖以及第十八届(2002年度)北方十省市(区)科技图书一等奖。担任“七彩学生文库·科学天梯丛书”(共10册)副总主编、编委和其中《科学趣味故事》的主编。参编的《说不尽的π》与《不可思议的e》(“好玩的数学丛书”10册中的两册)获2009年度国家科学技术进步奖二等奖。

陈仁政,中学教师,曾从事中学多科教学。在《数学通报》《物理通报》《化学教学》《知识就是力量》《光明日报》等50多种报刊上,发表各类文章200多篇(次)50多万字,出版著作20多种500多万字。其中“站在巨人肩上丛书”一套5册获第1届北京市科普作品奖以及第十八届(2002年度)北方十省市(区)科技图书一等奖。《说不尽的π》与《不可思议的e》(“好玩的数学丛书”10册中的两册)获2009年度国家科学技术进步奖二等奖。“七彩学生文库·科学天梯丛书”一套10册,获2010年第1届中国科普作家协会科普作品奖提名奖。

Catalogue

第 1 章 圆周率的定义——多角度给π“拍照”/ 1
1.1用圆周长和直径定义的“黑白照” /1
1.2用圆面积和半径决定的“另类照” /2
1.3由“过海八仙”拍的“彩色照” /3
第2 章 圆周率的名称——世人给π改绰号 /6
2.1古率 /6
2.2阿基米德数和托勒密之值 /7
2.3歆率 /8
2.4衡率 /10
2.5徽率和阿利亚巴塔之值 /13
2.6从承天率到智率 /13
2.7祖率和三率 /15
2.8约率摇身一变成疏率 /18
2.9误解祖率祸起三上义夫 /19
2.10鲁道夫数 /20
2.11数 π 的称呼还会变吗 /21
第3 章 圆周率的符号——π也会变脸 /23
3.1由两副面具组成的脸谱 /24
3.2一副面具不经意走进历史舞台 /25
3.3摇身一变鲜为人知 /27
3.4圆周率的符号在中国 /30
3.5不务正业的 π /31
第4 章 圆周率的性质——揭开π的庐山真面目 /34
4.1人文初始之后对 π 的认识 /35
4.2无理数时期对 π 的认识 /36
4.3超越数时期对 π 的认识 /37
4.4寻找新规律时期对 π 的认识 /39
第5 章 从 1 位到 2 000 万亿位——历史上如何算π /48
5.1人类的第一个 π 值 3 /48
5.2古典法算 π 及数值 /56
5.3分析法算 π 及数值 /84
5.4电子计算机算 π 及数值 /96
5.5概率法算 π 及数值 /107
5.6并不都要从 1 开始 /114
第6 章 大明星不是冒牌货——π与名题 /120
6.1π 与化圆为方 /120
6.2作图求 π“十面埋伏” /136
6.3π 与超越数、希尔伯特第 7 问题 /141
6.4π 与近似计算 /143
6.5π 与连分数、最佳逼近理论 /146
6.6π 与弧度制 /151
6.7π、圆方率与大自然法则 /153
6.8π 与地球空隙 /156
6.9π 与转圈悖论 /158
6.10鼓点声中的 π /160
第7 章 好伙伴形影不离——无处不在的π /162
7.1π 与伯努利难题 /162
7.2π 与伯努利多项式、黎曼函数、伯努利数 /166
7.3π 与“上帝创造的最完美公式” /168
7.4π 与黄金分割 /172
7.5π 与曲线长度 /174
7.6π 与曲线图形的面积 /174
7.7π 与旋转体的体积 /176
7.8数学天空任 π 飞 /177
7.9科学海洋任 π 游 /179
7.10π 的表达式 /181
第8 章 增智能健身心——π的奇趣 /182
8.1杀人魔逢 π 栽跟斗 /182
8.2假鼻子有了“兄弟版” /183
8.3π 中的素数与奇妙巧合 /184
8.4π 与根式这样“多角恋” /186
8.5西文字母里藏迹隐踪 /188
8.6纵横图中的秘密 /189
8.7π 痴们如何编 π 诗 /190
8.8汽车牌、小费单和陶瓷盘 /197
8.9π 与“圆方病患者” /197
8.10愚蠢的巴霍姆和精明的狄多女王 /198
8.11法、美、德的 π 建筑 /200
8.12谜语、游戏和 π /201
8.13π 与 50, 144, 360, 666 的天作地合 /207
8.14π 的对称这般神奇 /207
8.15π 也是“天地英雄” /209
8.16π 迷不知今日是何年 /212
8.17π 英雄击败魔鬼机器 /218
8.18法庭上侃 π 相去天渊 /219
8.19外星人看 π 与众不同 /220
8.20圆和球,两张天下最美的脸 /222
第9 章 反伪打假无尽期——谈圆算π也要讲科学 /227
9.1倒霉的不仅是白马王子 /227
9.2法律定 π 笑话 /228
9.3金字塔的神话与破除迷信 /231
附录1 π值大全表 /241
附录2 π的反正切式表 /252

Introduction

著名数学家哥德尔 18 岁进入维也纳大学时学习的是理论物理专业,他常到位于维也纳第九区斯特鲁德尔霍夫大街 4 号的理论物理研究所 4 楼的大教室聆听奥地利物理学家蒂林的课。有一次,他参加了德国哲学家、物理学家施里克介绍罗素数论著作的研讨会,由此对数理逻辑产生了浓厚的兴趣。数的吸引力如此之大,竟致哥德尔改换门庭。入校两年后,哥德尔放弃了物理学专业,改学数学。 5 年以后的 1931 年, 25 岁的哥德尔发表了震惊数学界的不完备定理。而在今天,用他的姓氏命名的哥德尔奖从 1993 年起每年都在颁发。

提及数学,我们自然无法回避数学常数。最著名的数学常数当属圆周率 π、黄金分割数φ和自然对数的底 e。以色列数学史家马奥尔在《无穷之旅——关于无穷大的文化史》一书中称它们为“ 3 个著名的无理数”。在美国加州谷歌公司总部的 4 座办公大楼中,有 3 座是以这 3 个数学符号命名的。当然,数学中重要的常数远不止于此。
数学常数是古老而又年轻的数论的重要组成部分。虽然截至目前已经取得了许多重大的数论研究成果,但是还有不少谜团让人看朱成碧,不辨五色。正如日本著名数学家弥永昌吉所说,数论的 “大部分仍然笼罩在神奇的面纱之下”。因此,需要我们继续不断探索。“苔花如米小,也学牡丹开。”本丛书作者虽然明知力所不逮,但凭借着对数学常数的浓厚兴趣,自 1982 年开始,断续经过33年的努力, 终于编写成了这套系统介绍数学常数的普及读物。这套书包括 《说不尽的圆周率》《不可思议的自然对数》《奥妙无穷的黄金分割》《妙趣横生的数学常数》。

虽然目前国内外出版了一些介绍上述三大数学常数的图书,但总体来说不够系统全面,许多有趣的知识没有罗列其中。本套图书希望能在以下方面做出有益探索。
首先,本套图书以 π、φ、 e 等主要的数学常数为主线,但又不限于此,内容涵盖重要数学概念和数学思想的形成、著名公式和定理的证明以及它们在各学科和生活中的应用。单是书中涉及的数学家以及相关的科学家、哲学家等就有 2000 多位,读者可以从书中了解这些著名人物在数学研究中艰难的探索历程(而心怀感恩之情)、所取得的重要成果以及逸闻趣事。
其次,本套图书在化繁为简、深入浅出方面进行了积极的尝试,力求消除“数学是可怕的学科”这样的误解,把“可怕”变为“可爱”,让读者充分感受到数学之真、之美、之乐、之用,感受到数学的魅力。中国数学家张景中在其所著的《数学与哲学》一书开篇就指出:“联系数学的发展历史学习数学哲学,有趣又有效。”在编写过程中,作者也尽力将数学史和科学史内容融入书中,从而梳理出重要数学思想或者数学定理的发展脉络,以及著名数学难题的求解历程。读者感受到的将不再是仅以定理、证明、计算面孔出现的枯燥乏味的脑力训练,而将看到一个有血有肉、充满活力与无限乐趣的新形象。
再次,知识驱动着人类文明的发展,数学作为我们理解和探索科学以及世界的重要工具发挥了重要作用。知识的获取过程是艰辛的,但也充满着乐趣,数学更是如此。本套图书在介绍数学知识之外,更加注重表现数学家的优秀品质以及探索精神,希望读者在享用前人所留下的宝贵精神财富的同时能有一些感触或感悟。
除了作者团队的协作与努力之外,许多专家、学者、朋友及相关人士也对本套图书的编写与出版给与了帮助。在此感谢张景中、李敏、郭书春、宁挺、梁宗巨、张奠宙、査有良、吴振奎、丘和、曾润生、王青建、邹大海、彭定才、潘宁、邓文华、陈文伟、贾小勇、吴至友、罗明、安克·毛雷尔等。由于篇幅所限,还有不少人士的姓名在此未能提及,一并表示感谢。
限于作者的陋见,书中难免存在疏漏与不当之处,请读者批评指正。
爱因斯坦说:“不要担心你在数学上遇到的困难,我敢保证我遇到的困难比你大得多。”让我们以此共勉,并慢慢爱上有趣又好玩的数学吧。

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